高中英語高考沖刺語法大全含練習(xí)題第一部分詞法第1章主謂一致一.概念:主謂一致是指：1）語法形式上要一致，即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語要一致。2）意義上要一致，即主語意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。3）就近原則，即謂語動詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語，一般來說，不可數(shù)名詞用動詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動詞復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Thereismuchwaterinthethermos.但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Tenthousandtonsofcoalwereproducedlastyear.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，例如：Readingandwritingareveryimportant.讀寫很重要。注意：當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時(shí)，如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，and此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。例如：,Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourlife.鋼鐵工業(yè)對我們的生活有重要意義。典型例題TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor___askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were答案B.注：先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時(shí)，先排除A.，C。本題易誤選D，因?yàn)門heLeaguesecretaryandmonitor好象是兩個(gè)人，但仔細(xì)辨別，monitor前沒有the，在英語中，當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and相連。這樣本題主語為一個(gè)人，所以應(yīng)選B。2.主謂一致中的靠近原則1)當(dāng)therebe句型的主語是一系列事物時(shí)，謂語應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致。例如：　Thereisapen,aknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.桌上有一支筆、一把小刀和幾本書?！herearetwentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentsintheclass.班上有二十個(gè)男孩，二十三個(gè)女孩。2）當(dāng)either…or…與neither…nor，連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。如果句子是由here,,there引導(dǎo)，而主語又不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。例如：　Eitheryouorsheistogo.不是你去，就是她去?！ereisapen,afewenvelopsandsomepaperforyou.給你筆、信封和紙。3.謂語動詞與前面的主語一致當(dāng)主語有with,togetherwith,like,except,but,nolessthan,aswellas等詞組成的短語時(shí)，謂語動詞與前面的主語部分一致。例如：Theteachertogetherwithsomestudentsisvisitingthefactory.教師和一些學(xué)生在參觀工廠。HeaswellasIwantstogoboating.他和我想去劃船。4.謂語需用單數(shù)的情況1）代詞each以及由every,some,no,any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語時(shí)，或主語中含有each,every時(shí),謂語需用單數(shù)。例如：Eachofushasatape-recorder.我們每人都有錄音機(jī)。Thereissomethingwrongwithmywatch.我的表壞了。2）當(dāng)主語是一本書或一條格言時(shí)，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。例如：TheArabianNightisabookknowntoloversofEnglish.《天方夜譚》是英語愛好者熟悉的一本書。,　3）表示金錢，時(shí)間，價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語時(shí)，通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體，謂語一般用單數(shù)。例如：Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.用三個(gè)星期來做準(zhǔn)備。Tenyuanisenough.十元夠了。5.指代意義決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)1）代詞what,which,who,none,some,any,more,most,all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。例如：Allisright.　一切順利。Allarepresent.　人都到齊了。？？？2）集體名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定。如family,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee等詞后，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員，用單數(shù)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)該集體的整體。例如：Hisfamilyisn'tverylarge.他家成員不多。Hisfamilyaremusiclovers.　他家個(gè)個(gè)都是音樂愛好者。但集合名詞people,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Arethereanypolicearound?附近有警察嗎？3）有些名詞，如variety,number,population,proportion,majority,等有時(shí)看作單數(shù)，有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Anumberof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動詞。Thenumberof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動詞。Anumberofbookshavelentout.ThemajorityofthestudentslikeEnglish.6.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致的情況1）用halfof,mostof,noneof,heapsof,lotsof,plentyof等引起主語時(shí)，謂語動詞通常與of后面的名詞/代詞保持一致。例如：Mostofhismoneyisspentonbooks.他大部分的錢化在書上了。Mostofthestudentsaretakinganactivepartinsports.大部分學(xué)生積極參與體育運(yùn)動。2）用aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof等引起主語時(shí)，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：Aseriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.媒體報(bào)道了一連串的事故。Apileoflotswassetbesidethehearth.爐邊有一堆木柴。3）如manya或morethanone所修飾的短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由morethan…of作主語時(shí)，動詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例如：,Manyapersonhasreadthenovel.　許多人讀過這本書。Morethan60percentofthestudentsarefromthecity.百分之六十多的學(xué)生來自這個(gè)城市。三.鞏固練習(xí)（）1.Thenumberofpeopleinvited______fifty,butanumberofthem_______absentfordifferentreasons.A.were,wasB.was,wasC.was,wereD.were,were（）2.E-mail,aswellastelephones,________animportantpartindailycommunication.A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play（）3.______ofthelandinthatdistrict______coveredwithtreesandgrass.A.Twofifth,isB.Twofifth,areC.Twofifths,isD.Twofifths,are（）4.Tenminutes______alongtimeforonewhowaits.A.seemB.seemsC.seemedD.areseemed（）5.Ericistheonlyoneoftheboyswho_____,adrivinglicense.A.hasB.haveC.ishavingD.arehaving’（）6.JoyandSorrow_____next-doorneighbours.A.isB.areC.wereD.be（）7.Inmyopinion,someofthenews_____unbelievable.A.areB.isC.hasbeenD.havebeen（）8.When______theUnitedNationsfounded?A.isB.areC.wasD.were（）9.Everypossiblemeans_____.A.hastriedB.hasbeentriedC.wastriedD.weretried（）10.Whatshesaysanddoes_____nothingtodowithme.A.wasB.wereC.hasD.have（）11.There_____adictionaryandseveralbooksonthedesk.A.areB.mustC.havebeenD.is（）12.Nobody______seenthefilm.It’sapity.A.butTomandJackhaveB.exceptTomandJackhaveC.butmyfriendshasD.butIhave,（）13.Noteacherandnostudent______．A.areadmittedB.isadmittedC.areadmittingD.isadmitting（）14.Allbutone______herejustnow.A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.were（）15.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory_____yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided（）16.Thewriterandsinger______here.A.isB.areC.wereD.do（）17.AsIhaveameetingatfour,tenminutes_____allthatIcansparetotalkwithyou.A.areB.wasC.isD.were（）18.InthosedaysJohnwithhisclassmates_____keptbusypreparingfortheexam.A.isB.areC.wasD.were（）19.——____yourclothes?——No,mine_____hangingoverthere.A.Isit,isB.Arethese,areC.Isit,areD.Arethese,is,（）20.TheSmith’sfamily,which____ratheralargeone,____veryfondoftheiroldhouses.A.were,wereB.was,wasC.were,wasD.was,were（）21.Whattheteacherandthestudentswanttosay_____thateitherofthecountries____beautiful.A.are,areB.is,isC.are,isD.is,are（）22.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_____awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen（）23._____ofmybrothersarereporters.Coveringevents,meetings,orsportsmeetings______theirduty.A.Each,areB.Both,isC.Neither,areD.None,is（）24.——Whatdoyouthinkofthe______ofthecoat?——It’sratherhigh.Youcanbuyacheaperoneinthatshop.A.valueB.costC.priceD.use,（）25.——Arethetwoanswerscorrect?——No,______correct.A.nooneisB.botharenotC.neitherisD.eitherisnot（）26.Thewind,togetherwithrainandfog,_____makingsailingdifficult.A.havebeenB.wasC./D/are四.答案1.C2.A3.C4.B5.A6.B7.B8.C9.B10.C11.D12.C13.B14.D15.A16.A17.C18.C19.B20.D21.B22.D23.B24.C25.C26.B第2章動詞的時(shí)態(tài)概念:時(shí)態(tài)是英語謂語動詞的一種形式,表示動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和所處的狀態(tài).英語中的時(shí)態(tài)是通過動詞形式本身的變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)的.英語有16種時(shí)態(tài),但中學(xué)階段較常用的有十種:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過去時(shí),一般將來時(shí),過去將來時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí),將來進(jìn)行時(shí),過去完成時(shí),英在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí).二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講,1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1）經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語：every…,sometimes,　at…,onSunday。例如：Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開家。2）客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動。ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.上海位于中國東部。3）表示格言或警句。例如：Pridegoesbeforeafall.　驕者必?cái)?。注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。4）現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如：Idon'twantsomuch.我不要那么多。AnnwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.安英語寫得不錯(cuò)，講的可不行。比較：NowIputthesugarinthecup.把糖放入杯子。Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.我正在做功課。,第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2.一般過去時(shí)的用法1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。例如：Wheredidyougojustnow?剛才你上哪兒去了？2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作。例如：WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，常在馬路上踢足球。WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.那時(shí)，布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎?！?）句型：Itistimeforsb.todosth"到……時(shí)間了""該……了"。例如：Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你該睡覺了。Itistimethatsb.didsth."時(shí)間已遲了""早該……了"，例如Itistimeyouwenttobed.　你早該睡覺了。would（had）rathersb.didsth.　表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如：I'dratheryoucametomorrow.還是明天來吧。,4）wish,wonder,think,hope等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等，而一般過去時(shí)表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如：Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以為你想要一些。比較：Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.（含義：她已不在人間。）Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.（含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著）Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）注意：用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。1）動詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如：Didyouwantanythingelse?您還要些什么嗎？Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.能不能幫我一下。2）情態(tài)動詞could,would。例如：Couldyoulendmeyourbike?你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？3.一般將來時(shí)1）　shall用于第一人稱，常被will所代替。will在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如：,WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst？我先讀哪一段呢？Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎？2）　begoingto+不定式，表示將來。a.主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?明天打算作什么呢？b.計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。這出戲下月開播。c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.看那烏云，快要下雨了。　3）　be+不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如：WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。4）beaboutto+不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如：HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.他馬上要去北京。注意：beabouttodo不能與tomorrow,nextweek等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。4.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來1）下列動詞come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：,　Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開?！hendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.汽車什么時(shí)候開？十分鐘后。2）以here,there等開始的倒裝句，表示動作正在進(jìn)行。例如：Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.車來了。Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.鈴響了。3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如：WhenBillcomes（不是willcome）,askhimtowaitforme.比爾來后，讓他等我。I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.我到了那里，就寫信給你。4）在動詞hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等的賓語從句中。例如：Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.我希望他們下星期玩得開心。Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.離開房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。 5.用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來下列動詞come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來。例如：,I'mleavingtomorrow.明天我要走了。Areyoustayingheretillnextweek?你會在這兒呆到下周嗎？6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have（has）+過去分詞。7.比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1）一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。2）一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：yesterday,lastweek，…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。共同的時(shí)間狀語：thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,already,recently,lately等。3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.。,一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。例如：Isawthisfilmyesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了）Ihaveseenthisfilm.（強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了）Whydidyougetupsoearly?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動作已發(fā)生過了）Whohasn'thandedinhispaper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競爭）HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.（在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.（是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)）句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday,last,week,in1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。（錯(cuò)）Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.（對）Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.8.用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型1）Itisthefirst/secondtime....that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.,這是我第一次訪問這城市。Thisisthefirsttime（that）I'veheardhimsing.　這是我第一次聽他唱歌。注意：Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2）Thisis+形容詞最高級+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：ThisisthebestfilmthatI've（ever）seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。9.過去完成時(shí)1）概念：表示過去的過去----|----------|--------|---->其構(gòu)成是had+過去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí)以前那時(shí)現(xiàn)在　2）用法a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞后的賓語從句。例如：Shesaid（that）shehadneverbeentoParis.她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。b.狀語從句在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。例如：,Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們早就跑了。c.表示意向的動詞，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.那時(shí)我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。3）　過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。例如：HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.湯姆失望了，因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。10.用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)1）　兩個(gè)動作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。例如：Whenshesawthemouse，shescreamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起來。,MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。2）兩個(gè)動作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過去完成時(shí)。例如：WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.3）　敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過去時(shí)。例如：OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.11.將來完成時(shí)　1）構(gòu)成willhavedone　2）概念a.狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。b.動作完成：表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如：　YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.明天此時(shí)，你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了12現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：,a.表示現(xiàn)在（指說話人說話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如：Wearewaitingforyou.我們正在等你。b.習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動作，說話時(shí)動作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.　他在寫另一部小說。（說話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。）c.表示漸變，這樣的動詞有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例如：Theleavesareturningred.葉子在變紅。It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越來越熱了。d.與always,constantly,forever等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：Youarealwayschangingyourmind.你老是改變主意。13.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1）概念：表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動作。2）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長動作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動作發(fā)生。3）常用的時(shí)間狀語有thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while等。例如：Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleand,hurthimself.我兄弟騎車時(shí)摔了下來，受了傷。Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.他們離開車站時(shí)，正下著雨。WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.　我到達(dá)山頂時(shí)，陽光燦爛。14.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)1）概念：表示將來某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動作，或按預(yù)測將來會發(fā)生的事情。例如：　She'llbecomingsoon.她會很快來的。　I'llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.將來我一定去見他。注意：將來進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說I'llbehavingatalkwithher.2）常用的時(shí)間狀語有soon,tomorrow,thisevening，onSunday,bythistime，tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening等。例如：Bythistimetomorrow,I'llbelyingonthebeach.明天此時(shí)，我正躺在海灘上呢。15.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)When,while,before,after,till,once,assoonas,solongas,bythetime,if,incase（that）,unless,evenif,whether,themoment,theminute,theday,theyear,immediately,等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，條件句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。例如：　HeisgoingtovisitherauntthedayhearrivesinBeijing.他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。16.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般過去時(shí)1）"書上說"，"報(bào)紙上說"等。例如：Thenewspapersaysthatit'sgoingtobecoldtomorrow.報(bào)紙上說明天會很冷的?！?）敘述往事，使其生動。例如：Napoleon'sarmynowadvancesandthegreatbattlebegins.拿破侖的軍隊(duì)正在向前挺進(jìn)，大戰(zhàn)開始了17.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1）有些動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)，如hear,tell,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember等。例如：Ihear（=haveheard）hewillgotoLondon.我聽說了他將去倫敦。Iforget（=haveforgotten）howoldheis.我忘了他多大了。2）用句型"Itis…since…"代替"Ithasbeen…since…"。例如：Itis（=hasbeen）fiveyearssincewelastmet.從我們上次見面以來，五年過去了。,18.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。在Herecomes…/Theregoes…等句型里，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如：Theregoesthebell.鈴響了。19.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)1）表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計(jì)劃好的活動。例如：Areyoustayingwithusthisweekend?和我們一起度周末好嗎?Weareleavingsoon.我們馬上就走。2）漸變動詞，如get,run,grow,become,begin以及瞬間動詞die等。例如：Heisdying.他要死了。20.時(shí)態(tài)一致1）如果從句所敘述的為真理或相對不變的事實(shí)，則用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：Atthattime,peopledidnotknowthattheearthmoves.那時(shí)，人們不知道地球是動的。Hetoldmelastweekthatheiseighteen.上星期他告訴我他十八歲了。2）賓語從句中的，助動詞ought（應(yīng)該應(yīng)當(dāng)）,need,must,dare（敢膽敢）的時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。例如：HethoughtthatIneednottellyouthetruth.,他認(rèn)為我不必告訴你真相。三.鞏固練習(xí):1、I’llgivethebooktohimassoonashe________back.2、Hasthebaby________cryingyet?(stoped)3、Idon’tknowwhetherMother __________metoBeijingnextmonth.(takes)4、She_______onhercoatandwentout.(put)5、“Whataretheydoing?”“They aragetting__________readyforthesportsmeeting.”(get)6、Theboyaskedhismother_hadleted_______himgoandplaybasketball.(let)7、I’msorrytokeepyou____________foralongtime.(waited)8、It________(take)himhalfanhour _______(finish)hishomeworkyesterday.9、Ifit________aninterestingfilm,we’llseeittomorrow.(be)10、Theyusually________(do)theirhomeworkaftersupper.11、Listen!Who_____________(sing)inthenextroom,now?12、__________(be)yourparentsinShanghailastyear?13、Mr.Yu_____________(teach)usmathssince1982.14、TheywillhaveatriptotheGreatWallifit_________(notrain)tomorrow.15、LiMingoften_________(listen)totheradiointhemorning.16、A:“Father,mayIgooutandplayfootball?”B:“_____you____(do)yourhomework?”17、Allthepeopleinthetownareglad______(hear)thatafamousmusician___aconcertthisSaturdayevening.(give)18、Ourteachertoldusifit_____(notsnow)wewouldvisittheScienceMuseumthenextday.19、Theyoften_______(play)footballintheafternoon.20、A:What’reyoudoingDad?B:I _______ (mend)theradio.21、Let’s_______(carry)theboxestothehouse.22、Yesterdayshe______ (want)verymuchtoseethefilm,butshecouldn’t__(get)aticket.,23、I_________(write)toyouassoonasIgettoShanghai.24、Mike___________(visit)severalplacessincehecametoBeijing.25、He___________(write)fourletterstohiswifeeverymonth.26、Don’tmakeanynoise,Grandma___________(sleep).27、Hisaunt___________(do)somecookingwhenhecamein.28、Whenthey___________ (reach)thestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.29、There___________ (be)ameetingnextMonday.30、We___________(know)eachothersinceourboyhood..31、Sometimesmyfather___________(come)backhomelate.32、They___________(have)anEnglisheveningnextweek.33、I’mveryglad___________(hear)that.34、WeiFangisn’there.She___________(go)tothereading-room.,35、Thestory___________(happen)longago.36、They___________(visit)theHistoryMuseumlastweek.37、ZhangHong___________(make)manyfriendssinceshecametoParis.38、She___________(go)tothecinemawithherclassmatestomorrowevening.39、Stayhere,bag.Don’tgoout.It___________(rain)now.40、LiPing___________(write)acompositioneveryweek.41、Thescientist___________(give)usatalkyesterday.42、Myparents___________(live)inBeijingsince1949.43、Look!Theyoungworker___________(show)thestudentsaroundthefactorynow.44、They___________(build)anewbridgeovertherivernextyear.45、Thestudents___________(clean)theirclassroomtomorrow.46、Thewindowsofourlab___________(clean)once,aweek.47、Ourteacher___________(join)thepartytwentyyearsago.48、Theboys___________(have)abasketballmatchnow.Let’s___(go)and_____(watch).49、She___________(work)inthisfactoryfortenyears.50、“Whatmakesyou___________(think)I’mafarmer?”theFrenchmanasked.四.答案comesstoppedwilltakeputaregettingtoletwaitingtook…tofinishisdoissingingWashastaughtdoesn’trainlistensHave…donetohear…willgivedidn’tsnowplayammendingcarrywanted,getwillwritehasvisitedwritesissleepingwasdoingreachedwillbehaveknowncomeswillhavetohearhasgone,happenedvisitedhasmadewillgoisrainingwritesgavehavelivedisshowingwillbuildwillcleaniscleanedjoinedarehaving,go…watchhasworkedthink,第三章動詞的語態(tài)一.概念:動詞的語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式,表示主語和謂語之間語法或語義的關(guān)系.英語的語態(tài)有兩種:主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài).主動語態(tài)用于主動句,表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者.被動語態(tài)用于被動句,表示主語是動作的承受者.主動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式與動詞時(shí)態(tài)相同,而被動語態(tài)由助動詞be+過去分詞構(gòu)成,有人稱,數(shù),時(shí)態(tài)的變化.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.let的用法　1）當(dāng)let后只有一個(gè)單音節(jié)動詞，變被動語態(tài)時(shí)，可用不帶to的不定式。例如：Theyletthestrangego.他們放陌生人走了。--->Thestrangewasletgo.　2）當(dāng)let后賓補(bǔ)較長時(shí)，let通常不用被動語態(tài)，而用allow或permit代替。例如：Thenurseletmegotoseemyclassmateinthehospital.那護(hù)士讓我去探望住院的同學(xué)。---->Iwasallowed/permittedtoseemyclassmateinthehospital.2.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)短語動詞是一個(gè)整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。例如：,MysisterwillbetakencareofbyGrandma.我妹妹由奶奶照顧。Suchathinghasneverbeenheardofbefore.這樣的事聞所未聞。3.表示"據(jù)說"或"相信"的詞組，基本上由believe,consider,declare（斷言宣布）,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand等組成。例如：Itissaidthat…據(jù)說Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報(bào)道Itisbelievedthat…　大家相信　Itishopedthat…　大家希望Itiswellknownthat…眾所周知Itisthoughtthat…　大家認(rèn)為Itissuggestedthat…　據(jù)建議　Itistakengrantedthat…被視為當(dāng)然　Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家決定Itmustberememberthat…務(wù)必記住的是4.不用被動語態(tài)的情況　1）不及物動詞或不及物動詞短語，如appear,diedisappear,end（vi.結(jié)束）,fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,breakout,cometrue,,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,takeplace等沒有無被動語態(tài)。例如：Afterthefire,verylittleremainedofmyhouse.大火過后，我家燒得所剩無幾。比較：rise,fall,happen是不及物動詞；raise,seat是及物動詞。要想正確地使用被動語態(tài)，就須注意哪些動詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過程中多留意積累。2）不能用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞或動詞短語，如fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongto等。例如：　Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.這把鑰匙只配這把鎖。Yourstoryagreeswithwhathadalreadybeenheard.你說的與我們聽說的一致。3）系動詞無被動語態(tài)，如appear,bebecome,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn等。例如：Itsoundsgood.聽上去不錯(cuò)。4）帶同源賓語的及物動詞如die/death,dream/dream，,live/life等，以及反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用于被動語態(tài)。例如：Shedreamedabaddreamlastnight.她昨晚做了個(gè)惡夢。5）當(dāng)賓語是不定式時(shí)，很少用于被動語態(tài)。例如：（對）Shelikestoswim.（錯(cuò)）Toswimislikedbyher.5.主動形式表示被動意義　1）wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等。例如：Thebooksellswell.這本書銷路好。Thisknifecutseasily.這刀子很好用。　2）blame,let（出租）,remain,keep,rent,build等。例如：Iwastoblamefortheaccident.事故發(fā)生了，我該受指責(zé)。Muchworkremains.還有許多活要干?！?）在need,require,want,worth（形容詞）,deserve后的動名詞必須用主動形式。例如：Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.門該修了。Thisbookisworthreading.　這本書值得一讀。4）特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：makesb.heard/understood,（使別人能聽見/理解自己）等。例如：Explainitclearlyandmakeyourselfunderstood.解釋清楚些，讓別人理解你的話。6.被動形式表示主動意義，如bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated（from）,beprepared（for）,beoccupied（in）,getmarried等。例如：Heisgraduatedfromafamousuniversity.他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。注意：表示同某人結(jié)婚，用marrysb.或getmarriedtosb.均可。例如：Hemarriedarichgirl.他與一個(gè)富妞結(jié)婚了。Hegotmarriedtoarichgirl.7.need/want/require/worth當(dāng)need,want,require,beworth后面接doing時(shí)，表示的是被動意義。例如：Yourhairwantscutting.　你的頭發(fā)該理了。Thefloorrequireswashing.地板需要沖洗。三.鞏固練習(xí)1.I___________(teach)herefortenyearssinceIfinishedschool.2.Wouldyoumindme__________(use)yourbike?,3.ThestudentsofClassTwo___________(sweep)theirclassroomnow.4.TheWhites____________(notlisten)totheradioatthattime.5.It'sbettertogivethan__________(receive).6.Howlong______you_______(live)inthistown?7.You_______(come)herelastyear,______you?8.----When______you______(see)him?----I______(see)himlastSunday.9.Shesaidthatthecar___________(use)thenextweek.10.Ididn'tknowwhat__________(happen)toChinainacentury.11.WhenIgottothestation,thetrain____already______(leave).12.Thestonebridge______________(build)inourhometownfortenyears.13.Thedeskmust______(clean)onceaday.14.Thedog_________(lie)onthefloorwhenIcamein..15.It_________(rain)heavilywhenIgothome.,16.Hermother____________(cook)atthistimeyesterday.17.Thestudents_____________(do)theirhomework.__________(notmake)anynoise!18.----______youever_______(be)toBeijing?----Yes.I________(go)therelastweek.19.He'lltelephoneusassoonashe_________(arrive)there.20.Jiefangtrucks____________(make)inChangchun.21.Apenisusedfor__________(write).22.Allthatmust________(do).23.Myfriendcan'tdecidewhichpairoftrousers____________(choose).Sosheaskedmetogoshoppingwithher.24.Theyfindituseful__________(learn)English.25.Theoldmanoften_________(tell)thechildrenastoryintheevening.Thiseveninghe________(tell)twostories.26.Theradio__________(use)onceinaweekinourclass.It____________(notuse)yesterdaybecausetherewassomethingwrongwithit.,27.Wouldpleasetellushow___________(make)thewatch________(work)?28.Shedoesn'tknowwhat_________(do)andwhere__________(go).四.答案havetaughtusingaresweepingweren’tlisteningtoreceivehave…livedcame…didn’tdid…see,sawwouldbeusedwouldhappenhad…lefthavebeenbuiltbecleanedwaslyingwasrainingwascookingaredoing,Don’tmakehave…beeen,wentarrivesaremadewritingbedonetochoosetolearntells,willtell第四章動詞的語氣一.概念語氣有三種:陳述語氣,祈使語氣和虛擬語氣.語氣表示說話人對勸詞所示示的動作或所處的狀態(tài)持有的態(tài)度或看法.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講,1.辨別if引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句和if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句的區(qū)別Ifhehastime,hewillgowithus.=Probablyhehastimeandwillgowithus.Ifhehadtime,hewouldgowithus.=Butinfacthehasnotime.2.虛擬條件句中主句和從句的謂與動詞構(gòu)成形式如下表if條件句中的謂與動詞主句的謂與動詞與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反1.行為動詞用did形式2.be動詞用wereshouldwouldcould+動詞原形might與過去的事實(shí)相反had+doneshouldwouldcould+have+donemight與將來的事實(shí)相反1.行為動詞用did2.should+動詞原形shouldwouldcould+動詞原形,3.wereto+動詞原形might3.混合時(shí)間的虛擬語氣如果條件句中的動作和主句的動作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生，主句和從句的謂語動詞的形式應(yīng)分別根據(jù)各自所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。1)0IfIhadreceivedthepassportyesterday,Iwouldstarttoday.2)Ifhehadtelephonedmelastnight,Iwouldseehimnow.3)Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,hewouldbeallrightnow.4)IfChinahadnotbeenliberated,theworkingpeoplewouldstillbeleadingamiserablelife.4.should/could/might/oughtto+havedone表示“過去本應(yīng)該/可以做而實(shí)際上卻沒做”needn’thavedone表示“過去沒必要作而實(shí)際上做了”5.虛擬語氣中的倒裝句如果虛擬語氣的條件從句謂語動詞中含有were,had,could,should，有時(shí)可將if省去，而將條件從句的主語置于were,had,should,could之后。Hadyouinvitedus,wewouldhavecometoyour,party.WereIyou,Iwoulddomorepracticeafterclass.Couldshelendusahelpinghand,shewoulddoso.6.wish后面的賓語從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣，表示“可惜…；….就好了；悔不該…；但愿…。”主句謂語從句謂語wish時(shí)態(tài)謂語動詞的形式現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示與wish同時(shí)發(fā)生動詞用過去時(shí)be動詞用were過去時(shí)表示在wish之前發(fā)生的動作動詞用haddonebe用hadbeen將來時(shí)表示在wish之后發(fā)生的動作動詞用woulddo;shoulddobe用wouldbe;shouldbe1)IwishIknewthekeytotheanswer.2)IwishIweretenyearsyounger.3)IwishthatIhadgonetothefootballmatchlastweek.4)Iwishthatyouhadbeenhereyesterday.,5)Hewishesthatwewouldvisittheoldschool.7.表示命令或建議動詞suggest,insist,propose,desire,demand,request,order,command后的賓語從句中應(yīng)使用虛擬should+動詞原形；should不可用would來替代;主句所使用的動詞時(shí)態(tài)不限。8.suggest為“建議去做…;命令…”從句用should+do為“說明；暗示”,從句用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。1)ThedoctorsuggestedthatIshouldtakethemedicinethreetimesaday.2)Thedoctorsuggestedthatmygrandmotherhadcaughtabadcold.9.insist“堅(jiān)持要去做…，堅(jiān)持應(yīng)該去做”，從句用should+do為“堅(jiān)持表明，堅(jiān)持說/解釋”，從句用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。10.虛擬語氣也用于表語從句和主語從句中，表示間接的命令、要求、請求、建議、決定等，主句的主語通常是suggestion,proposal,request,order,idea等。表語從句中的謂語動詞是should+動詞原型，should可以省略。11.在主語從句中，當(dāng)從句用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜等，從句的謂語動詞用需擬語氣形式。其謂語動詞時(shí)should+動詞原型，或should省略。三.鞏固練習(xí),1.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English_________mucheasier.A.willbeB.wouldhavebeenC.couldhavebeenD.wouldbe2.IfI_____you,I’djointhearmy.A.amB.wasC.wereD.wouldbe3.Ifhe_______tomorrow,hewouldfindMrWangintheoffice.A.comesB.willcomeC.shouldcomeD.come4.Ifit_______nextweek,thecropswouldbesaved.A.rainsB.willrainsC.wouldrainD.shouldrain5.IfI_______it,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.A.weretodoB.doC.haddoneD.wastodo6.Supposingtheweather________bad,wherewouldyougo?A.isB.willbeC.wereD.be7.Ifhehadworkedharder,he_________.,A.wouldsucceedB.hadsucceededC.shouldsucceedD.wouldhavesucceeded8.Ifhe________,he_________thatfood.A.waswarned;wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned;hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnottaken9.Ifmylawyer_________herelastSaturday,he_______mefromgoing.A.hadbeen;wouldhavepreventedB.hadbeen;wouldpreventC.were;wouldpreventD.were;wouldhaveprevented10.Ifhe______it,he_______it.A.hadseen;couldhavebelievedB.saw;couldn’tbelieveC.saw;couldn’thavebelievedD.hasseen;hadbelieved11.—Doyouthinkthethiefenteredthroughthewindow?—No,ifhehad,Idon’tbelieve,_______brokentheliving-room’swindow.,A.hewouldhaveB.hemusthaveC.hehadD.shouldhehave12.—DidyougoswimminglastSunday? —No.Wewouldhavegone______nicer.A.iftheweatherwasB.wouldtheweatherhavebeenC.hadtheweatherbeenD.shouldtheweatherbe13.______it______foryourhelp,Icouldn’thavemadeanyprogress.A.Had;notbeenB.Should;notbeenC.Did;notbeenD.Not;been14._______today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldhaveleftB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves15.Itisorderedthatanewbridge______overthewideriver.A.shouldbebuiltB.wouldbuiltC.willbebuiltD.built四.答案1.D2.C3.C4.D5.A6.C7.D8.B9.A10.A11.D12.C13.A14.C15.A,第5章助動詞一.概念:助動詞是幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài),語態(tài),語氣以及否定或疑問結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞.助動詞分為時(shí)態(tài)助動詞和結(jié)構(gòu)助動詞兩種.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講:1.助動詞be的用法1）be+現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如：Theyarehavingameeting.　他們正在開會。Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.英語現(xiàn)在越來越重要。2）　be+過去分詞，構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。例如：ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom..　窗戶是湯姆打碎的。Englishistaughtthroughouttheworld.　世界各地都教英語。3）be+動詞不定式，可表示下列內(nèi)容：a.表示最近、未來的計(jì)劃或安排。例如：HeistogotoNewYorknextweek..　他下周要去紐約。Wearetoteachthefreshmen.　我們要教新生。說明：這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。b.表示命令。例如：,Youaretoexplainthis.　對此你要做出解釋。Heistocometotheofficethisafternoon.　要他今天下午來辦公室。c.　征求意見。例如：HowamItoanswerhim?　我該怎樣答復(fù)他？Whoistogothere?　誰該去那兒呢？d.表示相約、商定。例如：Wearetomeetattheschoolgateatseventomorrowmorning.　我們明天早晨7點(diǎn)在校門口集合。2.助動詞have的用法1）have+過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如：HehasleftforLondon.　他已去了倫敦。Bytheendoflastmonth,theyhadfinishedhalfoftheirwork.上月未為止，他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。2）have+been+現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如：IhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears.我一直在學(xué)英語，已達(dá)十年之久。3）have+been+過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成式被動語態(tài)。例如：EnglishhasbeentaughtinChinaformanyyears.中國教英語已經(jīng)多年。3.助動詞do的用法1）構(gòu)成一般疑問句。例如：,DoyouwanttopasstheCET?　你想通過大學(xué)英語測試嗎？DidyoustudyGerman?　你們學(xué)過德語嗎？2）do+not構(gòu)成否定句。例如：Idonotwanttobecriticized.我不想挨批評。Hedoesn'tliketostudy.他不想學(xué)習(xí)。Inthepast,manystudentsdidnotknowtheimportanceofEnglish.　過去，好多學(xué)生不知道英語的重要性。3）構(gòu)成否定祈使句。例如：Don'tgothere.　不要去那里。Don'tbesoabsent-minded.　不要這么心不在焉。說明：構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。4）放在動詞原形前，加強(qiáng)該動詞的語氣。例如：Docometomybirthdayparty.　一定來參加我的生日宴會。Ididgothere.　我確實(shí)去那兒了。Idomissyou.　我確實(shí)想你。5）用于倒裝句。例如：NeverdidIhearofsuchathing.我從未聽說過這樣的事情。Onlywhenwebeginourcollegelifedowerealize,theimportanceofEnglish.進(jìn)了大學(xué)以后，我們才認(rèn)識到英語的重要性。說明：引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so,well等。6）用作代動詞。例如：----DoyoulikeBeijing?　--你喜歡北京嗎？----Yes,Ido.　--是的，喜歡。（do用作代動詞，代替likeBeijing.）Heknowshowtodriveacar,doesn'the?他知道如何開車，對吧？4.助動詞shall和will的用法shall和will作為助動詞可以與動詞原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)。例如：　IshallstudyharderatEnglish.我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語?！ewillgotoShanghai.他要去上海。說明：在過去的語法中，語法學(xué)家說shall用于第一人稱，will只用于第二、第三人稱?，F(xiàn)在，尤其是在口語中，will常用于第一人稱，但shall只用于第一人稱，如用于第二、第三人稱，就失去助動詞的意義，已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動詞，試比較:Heshallcome.　他必須來。（shall有命令的意味。）Hewillcome.　他要來。（will,只與動詞原形構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)。）5.助動詞should,would的用法1）should無詞義，只是shall的過去形式，與動詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)，只用于第一人稱。例如：ItelephonedhimyesterdaytoaskwhatIshoulddonextweek.我昨天給他打電話，問他我下周干什么。比較："WhatshallIdonextweek?"Iasked."我下周干什么？"我問道?？梢哉f，shall變成間接引語時(shí)，變成了should。2）would也無詞義，是will的過去形式，與動詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)，用于第二、第三人稱。例如：Hesaidhewouldcome.他說他要來。比較："Iwillgo,"hesaid.他說："我要去那兒。"變成間接引語，就成了Hesaidhewouldcome。原來的will變成would，go變成了come.。6.短語動詞動詞加小品構(gòu)成的起動詞作用的短語叫短語動詞。例如：Turnofftheradio.　把收音機(jī)關(guān)上。（turnoff是短語動詞）短語動詞的構(gòu)成基本有下列幾種：1）動詞+副詞，如：blackout；2）動詞+介詞，如：lookinto；,3）動詞+副詞+介詞，如：lookforwardto。構(gòu)成短語動詞的副詞和介詞都統(tǒng)稱為小品詞三.鞏固練習(xí)1.Ifitisfinetomorrow,we______afootballmatch.a.haveb.willhavec.hasd.shallhas2.Whenhewasatschool,he______earlyandtakeawalkbeforebreakfast.a.willriseb.shallriseb.shouldrisewouldrise3.Inthepast30yearsChina______greatadvancesinthesocialistrevolutionandsocialistconstruction.a.hasmadeb.havemadec.hadmaded.havingmade4.I______gotobeduntilI______finishedmywork.a.don’t/hadb.didn’t/havec.didn’t/hadd.don’t/have5.______youthinkhe______backbydinnertime?a.Do/havecomeb.Did/willhavecomec.Does/willcomed.Do/willhavecome,6.Hesaidthathedroppedhisbagwhenhe______forthebus.a.wasruningb.wasrunningc.wererunningd.isrunning7.Nosooner______hearrivedhomethanhe______tostartonanotherjourney.a.has/wasaskedb.have/wereaskedc.had/isaskedd.had/wasasked8.“______yougivemearoomforthenight?”Iaskedonarrivingatthehotel.a.Shouldb.Canc.Mightd.May9.Therearenineofthem,so______getintothecaratthesametime.a.theymaynotatallb.alltheymaynotc.theycan’talld.alltheycan’t10.“Wedidn’tseehimatthelectureyesterday.”“He______it.”a.mustn’tattendb.cannothaveattendedc.wouldhavenotattendedd.needn’thaveattended11.“Yourealizethatyouweredrivingat100mph,don’tyou?”,“No,officer.I______.Thiscarcan’tdomorethan80.”a.didn’tneedtobeb.maynothavebeenc.couldn’thavebeend.needn’thavebeen12.hewasagoodrunnersohe______escapefromthepolice.a.mightb.succeededtoc.wouldd.wasableto13.Ifthey______,ourplanwillfallflat.a.areco-operatingb.hadnotco-operatedc.won’tco-operated.didn’tco-operate14.Ihoped______myletter.a.hertoanswerb.thatshewouldanswerc.thatsheanswersd.heranswering15.He______liveinthecountrythaninthecity.a.prefersb.likestoc.hadbetterd.wouldrather16.______toseeafilmwithustoday?a.Didyoulikeb.Wouldyoulikec.Willyouliked.Haveyouliked17.I’msorry,butIhadnoalternative.Isimply______whatIdid.,a.mustdob.hadtodoc.oughttohavedoned.havetodo18.“Timeisrunningout,______?”a.hadn’twebettergotstartb.hadn’twebettergetstartc.hadn’twebettergetstartedd.hadn’twebetternotstarted19.Noone______thattohisface.a.daressayb.daressayingc.daresayd.daretosay20.Thestudentsintheclassroom______nottomakesomuchnoise.a.needb.oughtc.mustd.dare21.You______lastweekifyouwerereallyseriousaboutyourwork.a.oughttocomeb.oughttobecomingc.oughthavecomed.oughttohavecome22.Theelephantsought______hoursagobythekeepers.a.tobefedb.tofeedc.tobeingfedd.tohavebeenfed,23.“Iwonderwhythey’relate.”“They______thetrain.”a.canhavemissedb.couldmissc.mayhavemissedd.mightmiss24.“Tomgraduatedfromcollegeataveryyoungage.”“He______havebeenanoutstandingstudent.”a.mustb.couldc.shouldd.might25.You______theexaminationagainsinceyouhadalreadypassedit.a.needn’thavetakenb.didn’tneedtotakec.needn’ttaked.mustn’ttake26.Heisreallyincompetent!Theletter______yesterday.a.shouldbefinishedtypingb.mustbefinishedtypingc.musthavefinishedtypingc.shouldhavebeenfinishedtyping27.Theboytoldhisfatherthathewouldrather______anastronaut.a.becomeb.tobecomec.becomingd.became,28.Whenwereachedthestation,thetrainhadstillnotarrived;sowe______.a.needednottohurryb.needn’thavehurriedc.neednottohavehurriedd.didn’tneedtohurry29.Sinceyourroommateisvisitingherfamilythisweekend,_____youliketohavedinnerwithustonight?a.willb.won’tc.wouldn’td.do30.Hewasafraidwhathehaddone______adisastrouseffectonhiscareer.a.mighthaveb.couldbec.havebeend.shallbe四.答案1-10BDACDBDBCB11-20CDCBDBBCCB21-30DDCABDABCA第六章情態(tài)動詞一.概念:情態(tài)動詞是表示能力,義務(wù),必須,猜測等說話人的語氣或情態(tài)的動詞.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講:1．can1)表能力,can表能力時(shí)意味著憑體力或腦力或技術(shù)等可以無甚阻力地去做某事。Icanclimbthispole.我能爬這根桿子。Heisonlyfour,buthecanread.他只有4歲，但已認(rèn)得字了。Firecan’tdestroygold.火燒不毀金子。因?yàn)閏an不能和其它助動詞連用，所以表示將來式時(shí)用willbeabletoYouwillbeabletoskateafteryouhavepracticedittwoorthreetimes.你練習(xí)兩三次后就會溜冰了。2)表可能性多用于否定與疑問結(jié)構(gòu)中，但也可用在肯定句中。Canthenewsbetrue?這消息可能是真的嗎？Itcan’tbetrue.它不可能是真的。Whatcanhepossiblymean?他可能是什么意思？can用在肯定句中表示理論上的可能性（一時(shí)的可能）。AhorseinthecenterofLondoncancostalotofmoney.Attendingtheballcanbeveryexciting.Theroadcanbeblocked.這條路可能會不通的。may在肯定句中表示現(xiàn)實(shí)的可能性。,Theroadmaybeblocked.這條路可能不通了。3)表示允許（和may意思相近）常見于口語。Can(May)Icomein?我能進(jìn)來嗎？CanIsmokehere?我可以在這里抽煙嗎？2.could的用法1)表過去的可能和許可，（多用于間接引語中）Atthattimewethoughtthestorycouldnotbetrue.那時(shí)我們認(rèn)為所說的事不可能是真的。FathersaidIcouldswimintheriver.爸爸說我可以在河里游泳。2)表過去的能力IcouldswimwhenIwasonlysix.我剛六歲就能游泳。Could在肯定句中表示過去的能力時(shí)，常表抽象的一般的能力。Hecouldbeverynaughtywhenhewasachild.他小時(shí)候會是很頑皮的。3)表“允許”?？杀硎疚窨蜌獾奶岢鰡栴}或陳述看法CouldIuseyourbike?Yes,youcan.他會記得那時(shí)嗎?I’mafraidIcouldn’tgiveyouananswertoday.,恐怕我今天不能回答你。Theteachersaidyoucouldgotothestoreforsweets.老師說你可以去商店買糖。3)Could/can+havedone結(jié)構(gòu)表示對過去發(fā)生的事情的“懷疑”或“不肯定”。could加完成式還用于肯定句時(shí)一般表過去可能完成而卻未完成的動作。Cantheyhavewonthebasketballmatch？他們贏了那場籃球賽嗎？Whatyoureferredtojustnowcanhavemadeherverysad.你剛剛所談到的可能令他很傷心。Youcouldhavecompletedthetaskalittleearlier.你本來能早點(diǎn)完成任務(wù)的。（但事實(shí)上并沒有提前完成任務(wù)）IcouldhavepassedmyexaminationeasilybutImadetoomanystupidmistakes.我本可以輕易通過考試，但我犯了太多不該犯的錯(cuò)誤。如表具體做某一件事的能力時(shí)，則須用beableto.Hewasabletotranslatethearticlewithoutadictionary.他可以不用詞典翻譯那篇文章。Can表示一貫的能力，beableto表示客觀能力和通過努力可以達(dá)到的能力,Ican’tswim.ButIamsureIwillbeabletoswimthroughmorepracticing.Thefirespreadthroughthehotel,buteveryonewasabletogetoutWhentheboatsankhewasabletoswimtothebank3.may的用法1)表示請求、可以、允許。Youmaydrivethetractor.你可以開那臺拖拉機(jī)。2)當(dāng)回答由may引起的問題時(shí)，否定答語要用mustnot,表示“不許可”、“不應(yīng)該”、“不行”。MayIcomein?Yes,youmay.No,youcan’tNo,youmaynot.No,youmustn’tNo,you’dbetternot.3)may/might推測性用法可能Hemayberight.Hemaynotcometoday(可能不)Hemay/mightcometomorrow.,注意:1只用于肯定和否定句中,不用于疑問句中。2might比may可能性更小,Hemightgetajob.Hemaygetajob.3mayno可能不cannot不可能HemaynotcomeHecan’tcome3)表建議（可和aswell連用）Youmay（might）aswellstaywhereyouare.你還是原地待著好。（mayaswell有“還是……的好”的含義）4)表祝愿Mayyoubehappy!might1)表過去的“可能”和“允許”多用于間接引語。Shesaidthathemighttakeherdictionary.她說他可以拿她的詞典去用。除在間接引語中外，might一般不表示過去的“可能”與“許可”。表過去的“可能”可用could，表過去的“許可”可用were(was)allowedto。2)表現(xiàn)在的“可能”，其可能性要比may小。Electricironscouldbedangerous;theymightgiveyouasevereshock.電熨斗會有危險(xiǎn)，它可能電著人。,3)may(might)+have+done表示對過去發(fā)生行為的推測，含有“想必”、“也許是”的意思。Itmayhavebeentrue.這事也許是真的。Hemightnothavesettledthequestion.他可能尚未解決那個(gè)問題。4.must的主要用法。1)表示必須、必要Wemustdoeverythingstepbystep.我們必須按部就班地做一切事情。Whymustyoualwaysbotherme?為什么你偏要打擾我呢。2)mustbe+表語的結(jié)構(gòu)，通常表示猜測，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）Hemustbeanhonestboy.他一定是個(gè)誠實(shí)的男孩。Thismustbeyourroom.這一定是你的房間。3)must的否定式有兩個(gè)：當(dāng)回答由must引起的問題時(shí)，否定答復(fù)要用needn’t或don’thaveto表示“不必”、“無須”、“用不著”、“不一定”的意義。當(dāng)表示“不應(yīng)該”、“不許可”、“禁止”時(shí)，就用mustnot。MustIgotomorrow?明天我必須去嗎？Yes,please.是的，請吧！No,youneedn’t.不，你不必去。4)must+have+過去分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，常用在肯定句中，表示對,過去發(fā)生行為的推測，含有“一定”、“準(zhǔn)是”的意思。否定和疑問句用can。ShemusthavestudiedEnglishbefore.她以前一定學(xué)過英語。5.haveto的含義與must是很接近的,只是haveto比較強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要，must著重說明主觀看法。Imustcleantheroom.（主觀想法）Ihavetocleantheroom.（客觀需要）另外，haveto能用于更多時(shí)態(tài)：Wehadtobethereatten.我們得在十點(diǎn)鐘到那里。Wewillhavetoreconsiderthewholething.這一切我們將不得不重新加以考慮。haveto的否定式：don’thavetodo表示“不必做……”之意。6.oughtto的用法Oughtto后接動詞原形，表義務(wù)，但不及must那樣具有信心，如：Youdon’tlookwell.Yououghttogotoseethedoctor.你氣色不好，應(yīng)該去看病。Oughtto用于否定句，其否定形式可縮略為oughtn’t，如：,Yououghtn’ttosmokesomuch.你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。也可以用于疑問句，如：Oughtyoutosmokesomuch?你應(yīng)該抽這樣多煙嗎？Oughtto在間接引語中表過去時(shí)形式不變，如：Hesaidyououghttotellthepolice.他說你應(yīng)該去報(bào)告警察。7.shall的用法1)用于第一人稱征求對方的意見，如：WhatshallIwearonthejourney?我路上穿什么好呢？Shallwedance?我們跳舞好嗎？2)shall用于第二、三人稱時(shí)表允諾，警告，命令，威脅（現(xiàn)已少見），如：Sheshallgethershare.她可以得到她的一份。Youshallhaveitbacktomorrow.你明天可以將它拿回。情態(tài)動詞should一般不應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是情態(tài)動詞shall的過去式，主要用法有：1)用于第一人稱疑問句中詢問對方的意愿，但語氣較委婉溫和，如：Whatshouldwedonow?我們現(xiàn)在該怎么辦？2)表示應(yīng)該、必須，常與must換用。例如：Weshould(must)masteraforeignlanguageatleast.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)至少掌握一門外語。,3)“should+be+表語”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示推測或驚奇。例如：Theyshouldbebackbynow.他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該回來了吧。Iamsorrythatsheshouldbesocareless.我感到遺憾她竟會那樣粗心。4)“should+have+過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示過去該做而實(shí)際上尚未做的動作或行為；其否定則表示發(fā)生了不應(yīng)該發(fā)生的行為。其同義結(jié)構(gòu)“oughttohave+過去分詞”,表示過去“早應(yīng)該”、“本當(dāng)”之意，語氣較強(qiáng)。例如：Ishouldhavethoughtofthat.這一點(diǎn)我是應(yīng)當(dāng)想到的。（但沒想到）Theyshouldnothaveleftsosoon.他們不應(yīng)當(dāng)走得這么早。（但已走了）5)在“Itisnatural(strange,natural,necessary,surprised,impossible,important)that……”句型中，主語從句中的謂語動詞要用should+動詞原形”表示“理所當(dāng)然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“驚異”等的意思。在lest（以免）、forfear(that)(以防)、incase（以備萬一）等之后也要用should+動詞原形;在advise,sugest,order,demand,request等的從句中should+do”例如：Itisnecessarythathe(should)besentthereatonce.　有必要馬上派他到那里去。Itisstrangethatheshouldsayso.他會說這樣的話,真是奇怪。Letusgoatoncelestweshouldbelateforthetrain.　我們馬上走吧，以免趕不上火車。8..will和would的用法1）表示意志，決心或愿望。例如：　Surelywewillsupportallthepeopleintheworldintheirstruggleforpeace.　我們一定要支持全世界人民爭取和平的斗爭?！ewouldnotletmetryit.　他不肯讓我去試。2）will表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性、傾向性，would表示過去的習(xí)慣行為?！ewillsittherehourafterhourlookingatthetrafficgoby.他會經(jīng)常一連幾個(gè)小時(shí)坐在那兒觀看來往的車輛?！ewouldcometoseemewhenhewasinBeijing.他在北京時(shí)，常來看望我。3）用于第二人稱作主語的疑問句中，表示對對方的請求，would的語氣比will委碗Would/willyoukindlytellmethewaytothestation?請問到火車站怎么走？4）表可能性Thiswillbethebookyouarelookingfor.,這可能就是你要找的書。Sheeouldbeabout60whenshedied.他死時(shí)大概60歲。9.need和dare的用法情態(tài)動詞need實(shí)義動詞need現(xiàn)Youneed(not)doYou(don’t)needtodo在時(shí)Heneed(not)doHeneeds(doesn’tneed)todo過Youneeded(didn’tneed)todo去時(shí)Heneeded(didn’tneed)todo將Youneed(not)doYouwill(not)needtodo來時(shí)Heneed(not)doHewill(not)needtodo句型時(shí)態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞dare實(shí)義動詞dare肯定句現(xiàn)在時(shí)dareto少用dare/darestodo過去時(shí)dareto少用daredtodo否定句現(xiàn)在時(shí)daren’t/darenotdodo/doesnotdare(to)do,過去時(shí)darednotdodidnotdare(to)do疑問句現(xiàn)在時(shí)Darehedo?Doyou/Doeshedear(to)do?過去時(shí)Daredhedo?Didhedare(to)doneedn’thavev-ed表示過去做了某事，但沒有做的必要，意為“本沒必要…”。例如：Youneedn’thavewakenmeup;Idon’thavetogotoworktoday10.表推測的情態(tài)動詞句子的反意疑問句Hemust/maybeintheroom,isn’the?Hecan’tbeintheroom,ishe？Hemusthavefinishedthework,hasn’the?Hemayhavedonetheworklastnight,didn’the?：情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞進(jìn)行式情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞進(jìn)行式（即情態(tài)動詞+be+v-ing形式），表示推測或評論某動作現(xiàn)在是否正在進(jìn)行。例如：1）Hemustbeplayingbasketballintheroom.2）Shemaybestayingathome.11.情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞完成進(jìn)行式情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞完成進(jìn)行式（即情態(tài)動詞+havebeen+v-ing形式），表示推測或評論過去某動作是否正在進(jìn)行或一直在進(jìn)行。例如：,1）Theyshouldhavebeenmeetingtodiscusstheproblem.2）Hemay/mighthavebeenbuyingstampsinthepostofficewhenyousawhim.12.usedto+v,beusedto+v-ing和beusedto+v（1）usedto+v意為“過去常常”，“過去一直”；beusedto+v-ing/n（名詞）意為“習(xí)慣于”；beusedto+v意為“被用來（做某事）”。（2）usedto只表示過去，而beusedto+v-ing/n可表示現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)?。例如?）Heusedtosmoke.Nowhedoesn’t.2）He’squiteusedtohardwork/workinghard.3）Theknifeisusedtocutbread.13．用作情態(tài)動詞的其它短語wouldrather,wouldsooner,would(just)assoon,hadrather,hadbetter,hadsooner,cannotbut,may(just)aswell等可用作情態(tài)動詞。例如：1）Thesoldierwouldsoonerdiethansurrender.2）Thebravesoldierwouldassoondieasyieldtosuchanenemy.3）I’dratherwalkthantakeabus.4）Ifyoudon’tliketoswim,youmayjustaswell,stayathome.注：這些短語后一般直接跟動詞原形.would(had)rather,would(had)sooner,would(just)assoon后可跟that引導(dǎo)的從句，that常省去，從句要用虛擬語氣。對現(xiàn)在和將來的假設(shè)用過去時(shí)，對過去的假設(shè)用過去完成時(shí)。例如：1）IwouldratheryoucameonSunday.2）Iwouldsooneryouhadn’taskedmetospeakyesterday.鞏固練習(xí):1._____youready?(A)Are(B)Have(C)Will(D)Can2.____hereearly?(A)Willhe(B)Washe(C)Didhebe(D)Werehe3.I___happyaboutthepriceofeggs.(A)am't(B)amnot(C)donot(D)won’t4.SincelastyearI____himonlyonce.(A)haveseen(B)havebeenseeing(C)see(D)wasseeing5.Donald___sixteentomorrow.(A)isbeing(B)goingtobe(C)shallbe(D)willbe6.I___thestoryatall.,(A)don'tlike(B)like(C)amfondof(D)wouldlike7.Iwouldrather___thanplaynow.(A)tostudy(B)amstudying(C)study(D)studied8.I'dratheryou___anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.(A)do(B)didn'tdo(C)don't(D)didn't9.Thecar___muchmoney.(A)notcost(B)nothavecost(C)isn'tcost(D)didn'tcost10.I___liketoeatfish.(A)am(B)have(C)do(D)be11.___repeatthequestion?(A)ShallI(B)WillI(C)WouldyoulikethatI(D)DoyouwantthatI12.Myteacherknowsmorethan___.(A)myuncleknows(B)myuncledoes(C)theyknow(D)theydon'tknow13.He___tomeetusatthestation,butdidn'tseeus.(A)didgo(B)didwent(C)goes(D)had,14.Notonly____uslight.(A)doesthesungive(B)thesungives(C)givesthesun(D)thesundoesgive15.____youtellmewhathashappened?(A)May(B)Must(C)Can(D)Could16.Anne___tomorrow.(A)cansing(B)cantosing(C)isgoingsing(D)goingtosing17.You___handitinatonce,youmayhanditintomorrow.(A)needn't(B)maynot(C)can't(D)mustnot18.Telltheboythathe___intheriver.(A)swims(B)swim(C)swimming(D)toswim19.Joan___playonSaturday.(A)goingto(B)can(C)isgoing(D)canto20.SusanandIcangotothelecture___.butneithercanCharles(B)andsoChariescan(C)butCharlescan't(D)andCharlesalsocan四.答案1.(A)2,(B)3.(B)4.(A)5,(D)6,(A)7.(C)8.(B)9.(9)10,(C)11.(A)12.(B)13.(A)14.(A)15.(D),16.(A)17.(A)18.(B)19.(B)20,(C)第七章動詞不定式一.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講:1.不定式作補(bǔ)語有些有動詞+賓語+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：adviseallowcausechallengecommandcompeldrive驅(qū)使enableencourageforbidforceimpelinduceinstructinvitelike/loveorderpermitmakelethavewantgetwarnpersuaderequestsendtelltrainurge例如；Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。Theofficerorderedhismentofire.長官命令士兵開火。注意：有些動詞如make，have，get，want,等可用不定式作做賓補(bǔ)，也可用分詞作賓補(bǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表達(dá)被動。2)有些有動詞+賓語+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)，不定式的動詞往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：considerfindbelievethinkdeclare（聲稱）appointguessfancy（設(shè)想）guessjudgeimagineknow例如：Webelievehimtobeguilty.我們相信他是有罪的。Weknowhimtobeafool.我們知道他是個(gè)笨蛋。（tobe不能省去）典型例題CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered　___thefirstcomputer.　A.toinvent　B.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented答案：C.一般沒有consider+賓語+be以外不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)，也沒有consider+賓語+doing的結(jié)構(gòu)，排除A、B、D。consider用動詞be以外的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故選C。3)有些動詞可以跟there+tobe的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：believeexpectintendlikelovemean,preferwantwishunderstand  例如：Wedidn'texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我們沒料到會有那么多人在那里。Youwouldn’twanttheretobeanotherwar.你不至于想讓另外一場戰(zhàn)爭發(fā)生吧。2.不定式作主語不定式作主語，往往用it作形式主語，真正的主語不定式放至句子的后面。例如：It'ssonicetohearyourvoice.聽到你的聲音真高興。It'snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。It'sverykindofyoutohelpus.　他幫助我們，他真好。Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.　他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。但是，用不定式作主語的句子中還有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí)，不能用Itis…to…的句型。另外，這樣的句子，不能用動名詞作表語。3.It'sforsb.和It'sofsb.,這樣的句子中，由于表語形容詞性質(zhì)的不同，導(dǎo)致了不定式邏輯主語標(biāo)志用for或of的區(qū)別。1）forsb.句型中的形容詞一般為表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：例如：It'sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.對他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。2）ofsb句型中的形容詞一般為表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。例如：It'sveryniceofyoutohelpme.你來幫助我，你真是太好了。用for還是用of的另一種辨別方法：用介詞for或of后面的邏輯主語作句子的主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個(gè)句子。如果通順用of，不通則用for。例如：Youarenice.?。ㄍ?，所以應(yīng)用of）。Heishard.（非所表達(dá)的意思，不通，因此用for。）4.不定式作表語不定式可放在be動詞后面，形成表語。例如：Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.我的工作是每天清掃房間。Hisdreamistobeadoctor.他的夢想是成為一名醫(yī)生。,5.不定式作定語不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后，往往表示未發(fā)生的動作。例如：　Ihavealotofworktodo.　我有許多事要做?！herewasnothingtobringhomethatmorning.那天早上（他回家時(shí)）兩手空空。6.不定式作狀語1）目的狀語　常用結(jié)構(gòu)為todo,onlytodo（僅僅為了）,inordertodo,　soastodo,　so（such）…asto…（如此…以便…）。例如：Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.　他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.　我來僅僅是向你告別。2）作結(jié)果狀語，可以表示沒有預(yù)料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果，不定式要放在句子后面。Iawoketofindmytruckgone.我醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見了。Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.他搜索了房間，沒發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。3）表原因I'mgladtoseeyou.見到你很高興。,Shewepttoseethesight.她一看到這情形就哭了。4）表示理由和條件Hemustbeafooltosayso.Youwilldowelltospeakmorecarefully.7.用作介詞的toto可以用作介詞，也可用作不定式的標(biāo)示。下面的to都用作介詞：admittoobjecttobeaccustomedtobeusedtosticktoturnto開始lookforwardtobedevotedtopayattentiontocontributetoapologizetodevoteoneselfto8.省去to的動詞不定式1）情態(tài)動詞（除ought外）后。2）使役動詞let,have,make后，感官動詞see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel,find等后。注意：被動語態(tài)中不能省去to。例如：Isawhimdance.我看見他跳舞。=Hewasseentodance.Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.,老板讓他們整夜干活。=Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.3）wouldrather，hadbetter句型后4）Why…/whyno…句型后5）help后可帶to，也可不帶to,helpsb（to）dosth：6）but和except后。but前是實(shí)義動詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的不定式不帶to。比較：Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.他只想出去玩。Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.除了吃這藥，他什么都信。7）由and,or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to可以省去：8）通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think等詞后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，可以省去tobe。例如：Heissupposed（tobe）nice.　他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。9.動詞不定式的否定式在不定式標(biāo)志to前加上not。例如：Tellhimnottoshutthewindow。讓他別關(guān)窗。ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.我走過的時(shí)候，她假裝沒看見。10.不定式的特殊句型too…to…,1）too…to太…以至于…。例如：Heistooexcitedtospeak.他太激動了，說不出話來。----CanIhelpyou?需要我?guī)兔?----Well,I'mafraidtheboxistooheavyforyoutocarryit,butthankyouallthesame.　不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動。謝謝。2）如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定，too后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意為"不太"。例如：It'snevertoolatetomend.改過不嫌晚。（諺語）　3）當(dāng)too前面有only,all,but時(shí)，意思是：非常…等于very。例如：I'monlytoopleasedtobeabletohelpyou.能幫助你我非常高興。Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.他非常想回家。11.不定式的特殊句型soasto1）表示目的；它的否定式是soasnottodo。例如：Tomkeptquietabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作?！oinquietlysoasnottowakethebaby.輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2）　表示結(jié)果。例如：Wouldyoubesokindastotellmethetime?,勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。12.不定式的特殊句型Whynot"Whynot+動詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什么不……?""干嗎不……?"。例如：Whynottakeaholiday?干嗎不去度假?13.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)1）一般式表示的動詞，有時(shí)與謂語動詞表示的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后，例如Heseemstoknowthis.他似乎知道這事。Ihopetoseeyouagain.=IhopethatI'llseeyouagain.　我希望再見到你。2）完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。例如：I'msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.很抱歉，給你添了那么多的麻煩。Heseemstohavecaughtacold.他好像已經(jīng)得了感冒。3）進(jìn)行式表示動作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：Heseemstobeeatingsomething.他好像正在吃什么東西。4）完成進(jìn)行式表示動作從過去開始并延續(xù)至說話的時(shí)候。例如：,Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.我們知道她研究這問題有好幾年了。14.動名詞與不定式1）動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：動名詞表達(dá)的是：狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的不定式表達(dá)的是：目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的2）有些動詞如continue接不定式或動名詞作賓語，意義基本相同。3）有些動詞如continue接不定式或動名詞作賓語，意義大相徑庭。常見的，下一節(jié)有專門討論分詞一.概念:分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種,是一種非謂語動詞形式二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講:1.現(xiàn)在分詞的用法：1)做表語：Hewasveryamusing.Thatbookwasratherboring.,很多動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞都可以作表語：exciting,interesting,encouraging,disappointing,confusing,touching,puzzling.2)作定語：上面所出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語,修飾一個(gè)名詞：Thatmusthavebeenaterrifyingexperience.Ifoundhimacharmingperson.現(xiàn)在分詞短語還可以放在名詞的后面修飾名詞,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句：Thereareafewboysswimmingintheriver.Thereisacarwaitingoutside.3)作狀語：現(xiàn)在分詞短語可以表示一個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的次要的或伴隨的動作：FollowingTom,westartedtoclimbthemountain.Openingthedrawer,hetookoutabox.Takingakeyoutofhispocket,heopenedthedoor.現(xiàn)在分詞短語還可以表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句：Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.Beingunemployed,hehasn’tgotmuchmoney.現(xiàn)在分詞短語還可以表示時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句：,Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.Returninghome,hebegantodohishomework.Jimhurthisarmwhileplayingtennis.Becarefulwhencrossingtheroad.Havingfoundahotel,welookedforsomewheretohavedinner.Havingfinishedherwork,shewenthome.4)作賓補(bǔ)：現(xiàn)在分詞在一些動詞之后可以做賓語的補(bǔ)語：例如,see,hear,catch,find,keep,have等.Iseehimpassingmyhouseeveryday.Icaughthimstealingthingsinthatshop.Ismeltsomethingburning.Shekepthimworkingallday.2.過去分詞的用法：1)作表語：Weweresoboredthatwecouldn’thelpyawning.Shefeltconfused,andevenfrightened.Theywereverypleasedwiththegirl.I’msatisfiedwithyouranswer.Heisnotinterestedinresearch.2)作定語：,Shehasapleasedlookonherface.Theteachergaveusasatisfiedsmile.cookedfoodawrittenreportfriedeggsboiledwaterfrozenfoodarmedforcesrequiredcoursesfallenleavesfinishedproductsaforcedsmiletherisensunnewarrivedvisitorsWhat’sthelanguagespokeninthatcountry?They’reproblemleftoverbyhistory.Theplayputonbytheteacherswasabigsuccess.Isthereanybodyinjured?Doyouknowthenumberofbooksordered?3)作狀語：Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksmagnificent.Givengoodhealth,Ihopetofinishtheworkthisyear.Theycamein,followedbysomechildren.Depressed,hewenttoseehiseldersister.Whentreatedwithkindness,hewasveryamiable.4)作賓補(bǔ)：過去分詞也同樣可以作賓語的補(bǔ)語，接在某些動詞后面,Iwillhavetheclotheswashedtomorrow.Whentheygetbackhome,theyfoundtheroomrobbed.三.鞏固練習(xí)1.__________withthebeststudents,Istillhavealongwaytogo.A.HavingcomparedB.TocompareC.ComparedD.Compare（）2.Themusicofthefilm_________byhimsoundsso___________.A.playing,excitingB.played,excitedC.playing,excitedD.played,exciting（）3.__________againstthecominghurricane,theydarednotleavehome.A.WarnedB.HavingwarnedC.TowarnD.Warn（）4.In__________countries,youcan’talwaysmakeyourself_______byspeakingEnglish.A.English-speaking,understandB.English-spoken,understandC.English-speaking,understoodD.English-speaking,understood（）5.After_____________theoldman,thedoctor,suggestedthathe___________abadcold.A.examining,shouldcatchB.examined,hadcaughtC.examining,hadcaughtD.examined,catch（）6._____________,Tomjumpedintotheriverandhadagoodtimeinit.A.BeagoodswimmerB.BeingagoodswimmerC.HavingbeengoodswimmerD.Tobeagoodswimmer（）7.________howtoreadthenewwords,Ioftenlookthemupinthedictionary.A.HavingnotknownB.NottoknowC.Don’tknowD.Notknowing（）8.Ashisparent,youshouldn’thaveyourchild___________suchabook.A.readB.toreadC.readingD.bereading（）9.Hereturnedfromabroad______________thathismotherhadbeenbadlyill.A.heardB.havingbeenheardC.havingphonedD.havingbeenphoned四.答案:1.C2.D3.A4.C5.C6.B7.D8.C9.D,第九章動名詞概念動名詞由動詞原形+ING構(gòu)成,是一種非謂語動詞形式相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講:1.作主語。例如：FightingbrokeoutbetweentheSouthandtheNorth.南方與北方開戰(zhàn)了。　2.作賓語　a.有些動詞可以用動名詞作賓語。例如：admit承認(rèn)appreciate感激avoid避免complete完成consider認(rèn)為delay耽誤deny否認(rèn)detest討厭endure忍受enjoy喜歡escape逃脫fancy想象finish完成imagine想象mind介意miss想念postpone推遲practice訓(xùn)練recall回憶resent討厭resume繼續(xù)resist抵抗risk冒險(xiǎn)suggest建議face面對include包括stand忍受understand理解forgive寬恕keep繼續(xù),例如：Wouldyoumindturningdownyourradioalittle,please?你把收音機(jī)音量調(diào)小一點(diǎn)，好嗎Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissedbeingcaught.這松鼠幸運(yùn)得很，剛逃避了被逮住的厄運(yùn)。b.有些結(jié)構(gòu)后面可以用動名詞作賓語或其它成分。例如：admittoprefer…tobeusedtoleadtodevoteoneselftoobjecttosticktonogoodnousebefondoflookforwardtobeproudofbebusycan'thelpbetiredofbecapableofbeafraidofthinkofburstoutkeeponinsistoncountonsetabout putoffbegoodattakeupgiveupbesuccessfulin 3.作表語，對主語說明、解釋。例如：Herjobiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.她的工作是洗刷、清掃和照顧孩子。,比較：Sheiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.4.作定語，一般表示所修飾名詞事物的用途。例如：awritingdesk=adeskforwriting寫字臺aswimmingpool=apoolswimming游泳池有些動名詞作定語，與所修飾的名詞關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜。例如：boilingpoint=atemperaturepointatwhichsomethingbeginstoboil沸點(diǎn)awalkingtractor=atractorwhichadrivercanoperatewhileheorsheiswalkingbehindit手扶拖拉機(jī) 三.鞏固練習(xí)Iwas______worklastweek,butIchangedmymind.a.tostartb.tohavestartedc.tobestartingd.tohavebeenstartingIintended______thematterwithyou,butIhadsomeguestshen.a.discussb.discussingc.havingdiscussedd.tohavediscussedDon’tletmecatchyou______.a.dothatagainb.todothatagainc.doingthatagaind.donethatagain,Therearemanykindsofmetals______.eachhasitsspecialpropertiesb.onehasitsspecialpropertiesc.eachhavingitsspecialpropertiesd.havingitsspecialpropertiesIt’spay-day,andthey’rewaiting______.a.forpayingb.tobepaidc.tobepayingd.tohavepaid_______trouble,I’mgoingtoforgetthewholeaffair.a.Thenrathercauseb.Rathercausingc.Ratherthancaused.RatherthancausedThebrillianceofhissatireswas______makeevenhisvictimslaugh.a.soastob.suchastoc.sothatd.suchthatChildrenwithparentswhoseguidanceisfirm,consistent,andrationalareinclined______highlevelsofself-confidence.a.possessb.havepossessedc.topossessd.possessingTheworkeris______inrepairingthemachinetonoticemycoming.,a.toobusyb.enoughbusyc.busytood.busyenough“Whatdidyoudointhegarden?”“Iwatchedmyfather______hismotorbike.”a.torepairb.repairedc.repairingd.repairs四.答案BDCCBCBCAC第10章形容詞和副詞概念形容詞是用來修飾,描述名詞或代詞的詞,主要用作定語,表語和補(bǔ)足語等.副詞是用來修飾動詞,形容詞,其化副詞,介詞短語或全句的詞.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.形容詞及其用法1）直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞，它有級的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中可作定語、表語和補(bǔ)語。例如：hot。2）敘述形容詞只能作表語，所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如：afraid害怕的。這類詞還有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，,alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake等。3）形容詞作定語修飾名詞時(shí)，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時(shí)，要放在這些詞之后。例如：somethingnice.2.以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞1）大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。改錯(cuò)：（錯(cuò)）Shesanglovely.（錯(cuò)）Hespoketomeveryfriendly.（對）Hersingingwaslovely.（對）Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.2）有些以-ly結(jié)尾既為形容詞，也為副詞，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。例如：TheTimesisaweeklypaper.《時(shí)代周刊》為周刊。TheTimesispublishedweekly.《時(shí)代周刊》每周發(fā)行一期。3.用形容詞表示類別和整體1）某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接，如thedead，theliving，therich，thepoor，theblind，thehungry等。例如：Thepoorarelosinghope.窮人行將失去希望。,2）有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體，與動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用，如theBritish，theEnglish，theFrench，theChinese等。例如：TheEnglishhavewonderfulsenseofhumor.英國人頗有幽默感。4.多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，其順序?yàn)椋合薅ㄔ~--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--（大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色）--出處--材料性質(zhì)--類別--名詞。例如：asmallroundtable/atallgraybuilding/adirtyoldbrownshirt/afamousGermanmedicalschool/anexpensiveJapanesesportscar2）Onedaytheycrossedthe____bridgebehindthepalace.A.oldChinesestone　B.Chineseoldstone　C.oldstoneChinese　D.Chinesestoneold答案A.幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞，他們的排列順序是：年齡，形狀，大小+顏色+來源+質(zhì)地+用途+國家+名詞。3）----HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao?----Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends，andspentthe___daysattheseaside.A.fewlastsunnyB.lastfewsunnyC.lastsunny,fewD.fewsunnylast5.副詞的位置1）在動詞之前。2）在be動詞、助動詞之后。3）多個(gè)助動詞時(shí)，副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動詞后。注意：a.大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾，但賓語過長，副詞可以提前，以使句子平衡。例如：　Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.我們清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。b.方式副詞well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。例如：　HespeaksEnglishwell.他英語說得好。6.副詞的排列順序：1）時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在后。2）方式副詞，短的在前，長的在后，并用and或but等連詞連接。例如：Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.請寫得慢一些，仔細(xì)一些3）多個(gè)不同副詞排列：程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。注意：副詞very可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動詞。改錯(cuò)：（錯(cuò)）　IverylikeEnglish.?。▽ΓlikeEnglishverymuch.,注意：副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。例如：　Idon'tknowhimwellenough.他我不熟悉。　Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.有足夠的食物供每個(gè)人吃。　Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.7.兼有兩種形式的副詞1）close與closelyclose意思是"近"；closely意思是"仔細(xì)地"。例如：Heissittingclosetome.他就坐在我邊上。Watchhimclosely.盯著他。2）late與latelylate意思是"晚"；lately意思是"最近"。例如：Youhavecometoolate.你來得太晚了。Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?近來好嗎？3）deep與deeplydeep意思是"深"，表示空間深度；deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"。例如：Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.他把棍子深深插進(jìn)泥里。Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.老爸也被電影深深打動了。,4）high與highlyhigh表示空間高度；highly表示程度，相當(dāng)于much。例如：Theplanewasflyinghigh.這架飛機(jī)飛得很高。Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.你的看法很有道理。5）wide與widelywide表示空間寬度；widely意思是"廣泛地"，"在許多地方"。例如：Heopenedthedoorwide.他把門開得大大的。Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.英語在世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛使用。6）free與freelyfree的意思是"免費(fèi)"；freely的意思是"無限制地"。例如：Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.無論什么時(shí)候，我這飯鋪免費(fèi)對你開放。Youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.你可以暢所欲言，想說什么就說什么。8.形容詞與副詞的比較級　大多數(shù)形容詞（性質(zhì)形容詞）和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化，即原級、比較級和最高級，用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形，比較級和最高級有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。1）規(guī)則變化,單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞，加詞尾-er，-est來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。構(gòu)成法原級比較級最高級一般單音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-esttalltallertallest以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音詞和少數(shù)以-le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞只加-r,-stnicenicernicest以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞，雙寫結(jié)尾的輔音字母，再加-er,-estbigbiggerbiggest"以輔音字母+y"busybusierbusiest,結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，改y為i，再加-er，-est　少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-estclever/narrowcleverer/narrowercleverest/narrowest其它雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，在前面加more，most來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級important/easilymoreimportant/moreeasilymostimportant/mosteasily 2）不規(guī)則變化原級比較級最高級goodbetterbestwell（健康的）worseworstbadill（有病的）oldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/manymoremost,littlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest9.as+形容詞或副詞原級+as1）在否定句或疑問句中可用so…as。例如：　Hecannotrunso/asfastasyou.他沒你跑得快。2）當(dāng)as…as中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式：as+形容詞+a+單數(shù)名詞/as+many/much+名詞。例如：Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.這個(gè)例子和另外一個(gè)一樣好。Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan.你能搬多少紙，我也能。3）用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其它程度副詞做修飾語時(shí)，放在as的前面。例如：Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.這房間的面積是那間的兩倍。Yourroomisthesamesizeasmine.　你的房間和我的一樣大。4）倍數(shù)+as+adj.+as　<=>倍數(shù)+the…+of。例如：Thisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.這座橋的長度是那座的三倍。Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.Yourroomistwiceaslargeasmine.,你的房間是我的兩倍大。Yourroomistwicethesizeofmine.10.比較級形容詞或副詞+than。例如：YouaretallerthanI.你比我高。Theylightsinyourroomarebrighterthanthoseinmine.你房間的那些燈比我房間里的亮。注意：1）要避免重復(fù)使用比較級。（錯(cuò)）Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother.（對）Heismorecleverthanhisbrother.（對）Heiscleverthanhisbrother.2）要避免將主語含在比較對象中。（錯(cuò)）ChinaislargerthananycountryinAsia.（對）ChinaislargerthananyothercountriesinAsia.3）要注意對應(yīng)句型，遵循前后一致的原則。ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing.Itiseasiertomakeaplanthantocarryitout.4）要注意定冠詞在比較級中的使用。比較：Whichislarger,CanadaorAustralia?　Whichisthelargercountry,CanadaorAustralia?,　Sheistallerthanhertwosisters.　Sheisthetallerofthetwosisters.11.可修飾比較級的詞1）abit,alittle,rather,much,far,byfar,many,alot,lots,agreatdeal,any,still,even等。2）還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。3）以上詞（除byfar）外，必須置于比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。12.many,old和far1）如果后接名詞時(shí)，muchmore+不可數(shù)名詞，manymore+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。　2）old有兩種比較級和最高級形式:older/oldest和elder/eldest。elder，eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的長幼關(guān)系。例如：　Myelderbrotherisanengineer.我哥哥是個(gè)工程師?！aryistheeldestofthethreesisters.瑪麗是三姐妹中最大的。3）far有兩種比較級，farther，further。一般father表示距離，further表示進(jìn)一步。例如：Ihavenothingfurthertosay.我沒什么要說了。13.the+最高級+比較范圍1）形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞the,，副詞最高級前可不用。例如：TheSaharaisthebiggestdesertintheworld.撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。形容詞most前面沒有the，不表示最高級的含義，只表示"非常"。例如：Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.這是個(gè)很重要的問題。注意：使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。（錯(cuò)）　Tomisthetallestofhisthreebrothers.（對）　Tomisthetallestofthethreebrothers.2）下列詞可修飾最高級，byfar,far,much,mostly,almost。例如：　Thishatisnearly/almostthebiggest.這帽子差不多是最大的了。注意：a.very可修飾最高級，但位置與much不同。Thisistheverybest.Thisismuchthebest.b.序數(shù)詞通常只修飾最高級。例如：　Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.非洲是第二大洲。3）最高級的意義有時(shí)可以用比較級表示出來。例如：,Mikeisthemostintelligentinhisclass.馬克是班上最聰明的。Mikeismoreintelligentthananyotherstudentsinhisclass.4）"否定詞語+比較級"，"否定詞語+so…as"結(jié)構(gòu)也可以表示最高級含義。例如：Nothingissoeasyasthis.沒比這更簡單的了。=Nothingiseasierthanthis.=Thisistheeasiestthing.14.和more有關(guān)的詞組，1）themore…themore…　越……就越……。例如：Theharderyouwork，thegreaterprogressyou'llmake.越努力，進(jìn)步越大。2）moreBthanA=lessAthanB與其說A不如說B。例如：Heismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.他工作時(shí)，與其說是反應(yīng)慢不如說是懶。3）nomore…than…與……一樣……，不比……多。例如：TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.官員們看到的和皇帝一樣多。noless…than…　與……一樣……。例如：,Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.他和你一樣勤勉。4）morethan　不只是，非常。例如：Sheismorethankindtousall.她對我們非常熱心。三.鞏固練習(xí)Themodernmachineproved______inheartsurgery.a.highvaluableb.highlyvaluablec.valuablehighd.valuablehighlyMr.Johnsonandhis______daughterdonotalwaysunderstandeachother.a.olderb.theoldestc.eldestd.theeldestThey______thoughtthatthetruthwouldbefinallydiscovered.a.littleb.notc.smalld.bitTheyhardlybelievethattheapartmentwhichcoststhem$4,000is______.a.sosmallb.suchlittlec.solittled.suchsmallIfaclaimiskept______,itismorelikelytoberecognized.a.liveb.livedc.alived.livingOnhiswaytoschoolhemet______,sohesenthimtohospital.a.veryillmanb.muchsickmanc.seriousillman,d.verysickmanShewasoperatedamonthagobutnowshewas______.a.verygoodb.verywellc.healthyd.goodconditionedWhatIwoulddoistogo______.a.reallyquietlysomewhereb.somewherequietlyreallyc.reallyquietsomewhered.somewherereallyquietThechairmanasked______towritetheirquestionsonapieceofpaperandsendthemtothefront.a.thepresentmembersb.thememberspresentlyc.thememberspresentd.thepresentlymembers10.Thepricewasveryreasonable;Iwouldgladlyhavepaid______heasked.a.threetimesmuchasb.threetimesasmanyasc.asthreetimesmuchasd.threetimesasmuchas11.Thetrousersare______,butTomdoesnotcareabit.a.tooalittlesmallb.alittletoosmallc.atoolittlesmalld.asmalltoolittle12.Sheworeadresstothepartythatwasfarmoreattractivethan______.,a.othergirlsb.thatofothergirlsc.theothergirlsd.thoseofothergirls13.hecanplaytennisbetterthan______intheclass.a.anyboysb.anyotherboyc.anyboyd.anyother14.Kasiaistakingher______touroftheshopsinsearchofbargains.a.dailyb.dayc.daytimed.night15.______thechildexpresseshisinterestinanactivity,thestrongeritwillbecome.a.Themorefrequentb.Thefrequenterc.Themorefrequentlyd.thefrequentlier16.We’dbetterwait_______,PeterandTomwillcomeverysoon.a.alittlelongerb.morelongerc.longd.aslonger17.althoughthemedicinetastes______,itseemstohelpmycondition.a.badb.badlyc.toomuchbadd.toobadly18.Whenshegotherfirstmonthsalary,Dianaboughtherself______dress.a.acotton,blue…expensiveb.anexpensive…blue,cottonc.ablue,expensive…cottond.acotton,,expensive…blue19.Thedoctorshavetried______tosavethelifeofthewoundedsoldier.a.everythingpossiblehumanlyb.humanlyeverythingpossiblec.everythinghumanlypossibled.humanlypossibleeverything20.IwasworriedverymuchbecauseI’llmissmyflightifthebusarrives______.a.latelyb.latec.latterd.morelater四.答案BCAACDBDCDBDBACAACCB第11章代詞一.概念:代詞是代替名詞的詞,按其意義、特征及其在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞和關(guān)系代詞等。二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.人稱代詞　1)人稱代詞的人稱、數(shù)和格，如下表所示。,　2)人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分。通常主格作主語，賓格作賓語。如：Iliketabletennis.（作主語）Doyouknowhim?（作賓語）3)人稱代詞還可作表語。作表語時(shí)用賓格。如：---Whosisknockingatthedoor?---It’sme.4)人稱代詞在than之后與其它人或事物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，用主格和賓格都可以。如：Heisolderthanme.HeisolderthanIam.2.物主代詞　1)表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫物主代詞。物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞，如下表所示。,　2)形容詞性物主代詞的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，可在句中作定語。例如：Ourteacheriscomingtoseeus.Thisisherpencil-box.　3)名詞性物主代詞的作用相當(dāng)于名詞，在句中可用作主語、賓語和表語。Ourschoolishere,andtheirsisthere.（作主語）---IsthisEnglish-bookyours?（作表語）---No.Mineisinmybag.I'vealreadyfinishedmyhomework.Haveyoufinishedyours?（作賓語）3.指示代詞指示代詞包括：this，that，these，those。1)this和these一般用來指在時(shí)間或空間上較近的事物或人，that和those則指時(shí)間和空間上較遠(yuǎn)的事物或人，例如：Thisisapenandthatisapencil．,Wearebusythesedays．Inthosedaystheworkershadahardtime．2)有時(shí)that和those指前面講到過的事物，this和these則是指下面將要講到的事物，例如：Ihadacold.That'swhyIdidn'tcome.WhatIwanttosayisthis;pronunciationisveryimportantinlearningEnglish．3)有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)提到的名詞，?？捎胻hat或those代替，例如：TelevisionsetsmadeinBeijingarejustasgoodasthosemadeinShanghai．4)this在電話用語中代表自己，that則代表對方。例如：Hello!ThisisMary.IsthatJackspeaking?4.反身代詞英語中用來表示"我自己"，"你自己"，"他自己"，"我們自己"，"你們自己"等意義的代詞稱為反身代詞，也有人稱之為自身代名詞，其形式如表所示。,反身代詞可以在句中作賓語，表語，同位語。1)作賓語，表示動作的承受者就是動作的發(fā)出者，主語和賓語指同一個(gè)人或一些人。Hecalledhimselfawriter．WouldyoupleaseexpressyourselfinEnglish?　2)作表語。Itdoesn'tmatter．I'llbemyselfsoon．Thegirlinthenewsismyself．3)作主語或賓語的同位語，表示親自或本人。Imyselfwashedtheclothes．（=Iwashedtheclothesmyself.）（作主語同位語）Youshouldasktheteacherhimself．（作賓語同位語）5.不定代詞不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞，在句中可作主語、表語、賓語和定語?，F(xiàn)將幾個(gè)常用的不定代詞舉例說明如下：1)some與any的區(qū)別①some,多用于肯定句，表示“一些，幾個(gè)”作形容詞時(shí)，后面可以接①不可數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動詞；②可數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)動詞。Look!Someofthestudentsarecleaningthelibrary..Somericeinthebaghasbeensoldout.②any多用于疑問句、條件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”用作形容詞時(shí)，后面可以接①不可數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動詞；②可數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)動詞。Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleaseaskme.Thereisn'tanyorangeinthebottle.Haveyougotanytea?③any和some也可以作代詞用，表示“一些”。any多用于疑問句或否定句中，some多用于肯定句中。Howmanypeoplecanyouseeinthepicture?Ican'tseeany.Ifyouhavenomoney,I'lllendyousome.注意：與some,any結(jié)合的詞如something,somebody,someone,anything,anyone,anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑問句、條件句中的用法，大致和some,any的用法相同。2)few,afew,little,alittle在用法上的區(qū)別①用作形容詞：含義用法表示肯定表示否定用于可數(shù)名詞afew雖少，但有幾個(gè)few,不多，幾乎沒有用于不可數(shù)名詞alittle，雖少，但有一點(diǎn)little不多，沒有什么I'mgoingtobuyafewapples.HecanspeakonlyalittleChinese.Thereisonlyalittlemilkintheglass.Hehasfewfriends.Theyhadlittlemoneywiththem.②alittle和little也可以用作副詞，alittle表示“有點(diǎn)，稍微”，little表示“很少”。I'malittlehungry.(修飾形容詞hungry)Lethimsleepalittle.(修飾動詞sleep)Mary,goalittlefaster,please.(修飾副詞比較級)Shesleptverylittlelastnight.3)other,theother,another,others,theothers的區(qū)別。用法代名詞形容詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)不定another另一個(gè)others別人，其它人another(boy)另一個(gè)（男孩）other(boys)其它男孩,特定theother另一個(gè)theothers其余那些人、物theother(boy)另一個(gè)男孩theother(boys)其余那些男孩①other可以作形容詞用，后面可以跟單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞，意思是“其它的、別的”。Wherearehisotherbooks?Ihaven'tanyotherbooksexceptthisone.②other也可以用作代詞，與冠詞the連用構(gòu)成“theother”，表示兩個(gè)人或物中的“另一個(gè)”。常與one搭配構(gòu)成“one...,theother...”句型。Hehastwobrothers.Oneis10yearsold,theotheris5yearsold.Sheheldarulerinonehandandanexercise-bookintheother.③other作代詞用時(shí)，可以有復(fù)數(shù)“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常與some搭配構(gòu)成“some....,others...”句型。Somewenttothecinema,otherswentswimming.Thiscoatistoolarge.Showmesomeothers,please.④“theothers”表示特指某范圍內(nèi)的“其它的人或物”。,Wegothomeby4o'clock,buttheothersdidn'tgetbackuntil8o'clock.InourclassonlyTomisEnglish,theothersareChinese.⑤another可以作形容詞用，修飾后面的名詞，意為“另一個(gè)”，還可以跟代詞one.Youcanseeanothershipinthesea,can'tyou?Marydoesn'twanttobuythisskirt.Wouldyoupleaseshowheranotherone?⑥another也可以作代詞用，表示“另一個(gè)”。I'mstillhungryafterI'vehadthiscake.Pleasegivemeanother.4)every與each的區(qū)別。eachevery1)可單獨(dú)使用1)不可單獨(dú)使用2)可做代名詞、形容詞2)僅作形容詞3)著重“個(gè)別”3)著重“全體”，毫無例外4)用于兩者或兩者以上中的每一個(gè)人或物4)用于三者或三者以上每一個(gè)人或物,Theteachergaveatoytoeachchild.Eachballhasadifferentcolour.當(dāng)我們說eachchild,eachstudent或eachteacher時(shí)，我們想到的是一個(gè)人的情況。而當(dāng)我們說everychild和everystudent時(shí)，我們想到的是全體的情況，every的意思與all接近，表示他們都如此。EverystudentlovestheEnglishteacher.=AllstudentslovetheEnglishteacher.Everychildlikesplaying.=Allchildrenlikeplaying.5)all和both的用法。①all指三者以上，或不可數(shù)的東西。謂語動詞既可以用單數(shù)，也可以用作復(fù)數(shù)。在句中作主語、表語、賓語、同位語和定語。AllofuslikeMrPope.我們都喜歡Pope先生。（作主語）=WealllikeMrPope.(作同位語)Allthewaterhasbeenusedup.(作主語)That'sallfortoday.(作表語)Whynoteatall(of)thefish?(作賓語)Alltheleadersarehere.(作定語)②both作代詞。,a.與其它名詞或代詞并列出現(xiàn)，表示“兩個(gè)都”。LucyandLilybothagreewithus.Theybothpassedontheirsticksatthesametime.Howareyourparents?They'rebothfine.b.與“of+代詞（或名詞）”連用，表示“兩者都”。BothofthemcametoseeMary.Bothofthebooksareveryinteresting.c.單獨(dú)使用，表示“兩者（都）”。Michaelhastwosons.Bothareclever.Idon'tknowwhichbookisthebetter,Ishallreadboth.③both用作形容詞，放在名詞之前，修飾該名詞，表示“兩者都”。Bothhisyoungersistersareourclassmates..Therearetalltreesonbothsidesofthestreet.6.相互代詞表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫做相互代詞。相互代詞有eachother和oneanother兩種形式。在當(dāng)代英語中，eachother和oneanother沒有什么區(qū)別。相互代詞可在句中作賓語，定語。作定語用時(shí)，相互代詞用所有格形式。Weshouldlearnfromeachother/oneanother.（作賓語）,Doyouoftenwritetoeachother/oneanother?（作賓語）Weoftenborroweachother's/oneanother'sbooks.（作定語）Thestudentscorrectedeachother's/oneanother'smistakesintheirhomework.（作定語）7.疑問代詞疑問代詞有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑問代詞用于特殊疑問句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作為某一句子成分。例如：Whoisgoingtocomeheretomorrow?（作主語）Whatisthat?(作表語)Whoseumbrellaisthis?(作定語)Whomareyouwaitingfor?(作賓語)8.關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞是一種引導(dǎo)從句并起連接主句和從句作用的代詞。關(guān)系代詞有who,whose,whom,that,which.它們在句中可用作主語,表語,賓語,定語.在主句中,它們還代表著從句所修飾的那個(gè)名詞或代詞。例如：Ihatepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle.,I’mlookingatthephotographwhichyousentmewithyourletter.Withthemoneythathehadsaved,hewentonwithhisstudies.Doyouknowtheladywhoisinterviewingourheadmaster?三.鞏固練習(xí)1.Tom,Pleasepass________theglasses.Iwanttoreadthenewspapers.A.youB.meC.himD.her2.TheEnglishnovelisquiteeasyforyou.Thereare______newwordsinit.A.alittleB.littleC.afewD.few3.---Youwant________sandwich?---Yes,IusuallyeatalotwhenI’mhungry.A.otherB.anotherC.othersD.theother4.ThedoctorsandnursesaredoingtheirbesttofightSARS.Theythinkmoreofothersthan_______.A.theyB.themC.themselvesD.theirs5.---Whichdoyouprefer,abottleoforangeorabottleofmilk?---______________,thanks.I’dlikeacupoftea.,A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None6.---Oh!Icameinahurryandforgottobringfood.---Nevermind.Youcanhave________.A.usB.oursC.youD.yours7.---CanIcomethiseveningortomorrowmorning?---_______isOK.I’mfreetodayandtomorrow.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None8.---Howareyougoingtoimprove_______thisterm?---Workharderthanlastterm.A.ourselvesB.myselfC.himselfD.yourself9.---Couldyoutellme_______sheislookingfor?---Hercousin,Susan.A.thatB.whoseC.whoD.which10.---Is_______here?---No.LiLeiandHanMeihaveaskedforleave.A.everybodyB.somebodyC.anybodyD.nobody11.Paulhas_______friendsexceptme,andsometimeshefeelslonely.A.manyB.someC.fewD.more12.Ifyouwanttobookaround-tripticket,you’llhavetopay______$30.A.moreB.otherC.theotherD.another,13.---Doyoulivebyyourself,MrWang?---Yes.Ihavetwosons.But______ofthemliveswithme.TheyarenowstudyinginAmerica?A.neitherB.bothC.noneD.either14.---HaveyousentyourparentsanE-mailtellingthemyouarrivedsafe?---No._______ofthemcanuseacomputer.A.NoneB.BothC.NeitherD.All15.Whotaught_______Englishlastterm?Was_____Mr.Smith?A.you;itB.you;heC.your;itD.your;that16.---Thatwomanhasabaginherrighthand.What’sinher_____hand?A.anotherB.otherC.oneD.theother17.Wedecidedtogoforafieldtripwithsomefriendsof_______.A.usB.ourC.oursD.ourselves18.---Isthereabustothezoo?---I’mafraidthere’s_______bustothezoo.A.noB.anyC.someD.none19.Youforgotyourdictionary?Youmayhave_______.A.meB.myC.mineD.myself,20.Thisis______classroom.Whereis_______?our;themB.us;theyC.our;theirsD.ours;theirs四.答案1.B2.D3.B4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C10.A11.C12.D13.A14.C15.A16.B17.C18.A19.C20.C第12章名詞一.概念名詞是表示人,事物,地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱的詞,有專有名詞和普通名詞之分,還有可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞之分.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化情況構(gòu)成方法讀音例詞一般情況加-s清輔音后讀/s/map-maps濁輔音和元音后讀/z/bag-bags/car-cars以s,sh,ch,x等結(jié)尾加-es讀/iz/bus-buses/watch-watches以ce,se,ze,等結(jié)尾加-s讀/iz/license-licenses,以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾變y為i再加es讀/z/baby---babies 2.其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化1）以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如：　　twoMarys　theHenrys　monkey---monkeysholiday---holidays2）以o結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：a.加s，如：photo---photospiano---pianos　radio---radioszoo---zoos；b.加es，如：potato--potatoestomato--tomatoesc.上述a和b兩種方法均可，如zero---zeros/zeroes。3）以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：a.加s，如：belief---beliefsroof---roofs　safe---safesgulf---gulfs；b.去f,fe加ves，如：half---halvesknife---knives　leaf---leaveswolf---wolveswife---wiveslife---livesthief---thieves；c.上述a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves。3.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1）child---childrenfoot---feettooth---teeth,mouse---miceman---menwoman---women注意：由一個(gè)詞加man或woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women，如anEnglishman，twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是theBowmans。2）單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese，li，jin，yuan，twoli，threemu，fourjin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers。3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：people　police　cattle等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說apeople，apolice，acattle，但可以說aperson，apoliceman，aheadofcattle,theEnglish，theBritish，theFrench，theChinese，theJapanese，theSwiss等名詞，表示國民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，如TheChineseareindustriesandbrave.　中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。4）以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：a.maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。b.news為不可數(shù)名詞。c.theUnitedStates，theUnitedNations應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。,　TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。d.以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如："TheArabianNights"isaveryinterestingstory-book.《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書。5）表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses（眼鏡）　trousers,　clothes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞pair（對，雙）;　suit（套）;apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers等。6）另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚?！?.不可數(shù)名詞量的表示1）物質(zhì)名詞a.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)為可數(shù)。比較：Cakeisakindoffood.　蛋糕是一種食物。（不可數(shù)）Thesecakesaresweet.　這些蛋糕很好吃。（可數(shù)）b.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：Thisfactoryproducessteel.?。ú豢蓴?shù)）Weneedvarioussteels.?。蓴?shù)）c.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：,Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我國因茶葉而聞名。Twoteas,please.請來兩杯茶。2）抽象名詞表示具體的事例時(shí)也可數(shù)。例如：fourfreedoms四大自由thefourmodernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量，如aglassofwater一杯水/apieceofadvice　一則建議。5.定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。例如：sportsmeeting運(yùn)動會studentsreading-room學(xué)生閱覽室talkstable談判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外語系2）man,woman,gentleman等作定語時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：menworkerswomenteachersgentlemenofficials3）有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語時(shí)，s保留。例如：goodstrain（貨車）armsproduce　武器生產(chǎn)　customspapers海關(guān)文件clothesbrush衣刷　4）數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：,two-dozeneggs　兩打雞蛋aten-milewalk十英里路two-hundredtrees兩百棵樹afive-yearplan.　一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃6.不同國籍人的單復(fù)數(shù)國籍總稱（謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)中國人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亞人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄國人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希臘人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法國人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美國人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德國人theGermansaGermanstwoGermans,英國人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes7.名詞的格英語中有些名詞可以加"'s"來表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：ateacher'sbook。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：1）單數(shù)名詞詞尾加"'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加"'s"，如theboy'sbag男孩的書包，men'sroom男廁所。2）若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s，只加"'"，如：theworkers'struggle　工人的斗爭。3）凡不能加"'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of+名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系，如：thetitleofthesong歌的名字。4）在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：thebarber's理發(fā)店。5）如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。例如：John'sandMary'srooms（兩間）JohnandMary'sroom（一間）6）復(fù)合名詞或短語，'s加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：amonthortwo'sabsence三.鞏固練習(xí),1.Hewaseagertomakesomeextramoney,sinceduringtheseyearshecouldhardlyliveonhis_______.a．littlewageb.fewwagec.waged.wages2.Mostofthehousesinthevillagewereburntto______duringthewar.a.anashb.theashc.ashd.ashes3.Thestudentsatcollegesoruniversitiesaremaking______forthecomingNewYear.a.manypreparationsb.muchpreparationc.preparationsd.preparation4.Paitingin_____isoneoftheirspare-timeactivities.a.oilb.anoilc.oilsd.theoil5.Intheviewoftheforeignexperts,therewasn’t____oilhere.a.muchb.lotsofc.agreatdealofd.many6.Thelargehousesarebeingpainted,but______.a.ofgreatexpenseb.atagreatexpensec.inalotofexpensesd.byhighexpense7.Theroomwassmallandcontainedfartoo______.a.muchnewfurniturec.muchnewfurnituresb.manynewfurnitured.manynewfurnitures,8.Jimwaslatefortwoclassesthismorning.Hesaidthatheforgotbothofthe______.a.roomsnumberb.roomnumberc.room’snumbersd.roomnumbers9.Computerscando______workinashorttime,butamancannotdo______byhimself.agreatmany…manyc.much…agreatdealb.greatdealof…muchd.many…agreatmany10.Shedidn’tknow_____hehadbeengiven.a.howmanyinformationc.howmanyinformationsb.thenumberofinformationd.howmuchinformation11.Heinvitedallofhis______tojoinhisweddingparty.a.comrade-in-armsc.comrades-in-armb.comrades-in-armsd.comrade-in-arm12.Allthe______inthehospitalgotariselastmonth.a.womendoctorsc.womandoctorsb.womendoctord.womandoctor13.Aftertenyears,alltheseyoungstersbecame_____.a.growns-upsc.growns-upb.grown-upd.grown-ups,14.Thepoliceinvestigatedthose_____abouttheaccident.a.stander-byc.standers-byb.stander-bysd.standers-bys15.TheNazikeptthose______intheirconcentrationcamp.a.prisoner-of-warsc.prisoners-of-warb.prisoners-of-warsd.prisoner-of-war16.Themanagerwasgreatlyappreciatethat_____madebyLindalately.a.newreelb.newsreelc.new-reelsd.newsreels17.Mary’sdressissimilarinappearancetoher______.a.eldersisterb.eldersister’sc.eldersistersd.eldersistersdress18.Allthepeopleattheconferenceare______.a.mathematicteachersc.mathematicsteacherb.mathematicsteachersd.mathematic’steachers19.ProfessorMackaytoldusthat______ofleadareitssoftnessanditsresistance.a.somepropertyc.propertiesb.somepropertiesd.property,20.Physics_____withmatterandmotion.a.dealb.dealsc.dealingd.are四.答案DDCCACADCDCADBBBBCCB第13章數(shù)詞一.概念:數(shù)詞分兩類:基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞.表示數(shù)目的詞叫基數(shù)詞,表示須序的詞叫序數(shù)詞.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.基數(shù)詞1）基數(shù)詞一般可寫成如345或threehundredandforty-five。2）基數(shù)詞一般是單數(shù)形式，但遇下列情況，常用復(fù)數(shù)：a.與of短語連用，表示概數(shù)，不能與具體數(shù)目連用，如scoresofpeople指許多人；b.在一些表示"一排"或"一組"的詞組里。例如：Theyarrivedintwosandthrees.　他們?nèi)齼蓛傻牡搅?。c.表示"幾十歲"。d.表示"年代"，用in+the+數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)。e.在乘法運(yùn)算的一種表示法里，如Threefivesis（are）fifteen。,2.序數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞的縮寫形式如first---1st　second---2nd　thirty-first---31st等?！?.數(shù)詞的用法1）倍數(shù)表示法a.主語+謂語+倍數(shù)（或分?jǐn)?shù)）+as+adj.+as。例如Ihavethreetimesasmanyasyou.　我有你三倍那么多。b.主語+謂語+倍數(shù)（分?jǐn)?shù)）+thesize（amount，length…）of…。例如：Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.　地球是月球的49倍。c.主語+謂語+倍數(shù)（分?jǐn)?shù)）+形容詞（副詞）比較級+than…。例如：Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.今年比去年糧食產(chǎn)量增加8%。d.還可以用by+倍數(shù)，表示增加多少倍。例如：Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.今年糧食產(chǎn)量增加了4倍。2）分?jǐn)?shù)表示法的構(gòu)成：基數(shù)詞代表分子，序數(shù)詞代表分母。分子大于1時(shí)，分子的序數(shù)詞用單數(shù)，分母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：,1/3one-third；3/37threeandthree-sevenths.三.鞏固練習(xí)1.______martyrshaveheroicallylaiddowntheirlivesforthepeople.a.Thousanduponthousandofb.Thousandandthousandsofc.Thousandsuponthousandsofd.Thousandandthousandof2.Theyreceived______oflettersabouttheirTVprograms.a.dozenb.dozenanddozencscored.dozens3.Whoisthatman,______inthefrontrow?a.oneb.theonec.firstd.thefirst4.Wehaveproduced______thisyearaswedidin1993.a.asmuchcottontwiceb.astwicemuchcottonc.muchastwicecottond.twiceasmuchcotton5.Theearthisabout______asthemoon.a.asfiftytimebigb.fiftytimesasbigc.asbigfiftytimed.fiftyastimesbig6.ThepopulationofmanyAlaskancitieshas______inthepastthreeyears.a.morethandoubledb.moredoubledthanc.much,thandoubledd.muchdoubledthan7.Themoonisabout_____indiameterasdiameterastheearth.a.one-threeaslargeb.onethreeaslargec.one-thirdaslarged.onethirdaslarge8.Fivehundredyuanamonth_____enoughtoliveon.a.isb.arec.isbeingd.hasbeen9.______ofthebuildingswereruined.a.Threefourthb.Threefourc.Three-fourthsd.Three-four10.Consult_____forquestionsaboutearthquakes.a.thesixindexb.indexsixc.sixthindexd.indexnumberingsix四.答案CDDDBACACB第14章冠詞一.概念冠詞是一個(gè)虛詞,它置于名詞之前,限定名詞的意義.冠詞可分為定冠詞,不定冠詞和零冠詞三類.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.a用于輔音發(fā)音開頭的詞前,如：abook;an,用于元音發(fā)音開頭的詞前，如：anapple,anhour.請區(qū)別：ausefulmachine,anumbrella,a“u”,an“h”。2.指上文提到過的人或物，用定冠詞the。3.在世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前用定冠詞the.如：thesun,themoon,theearth。4.the用于序數(shù)詞，表方位的名詞和形容詞最高級前。thefirst,thebest,inthesouth。5.在復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成復(fù)數(shù)。如：theBrowns。6.在介詞短語中常用定冠詞the，如：inthebox,behindthechair。7.不能用定冠詞the的幾個(gè)方面：(1)在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不用冠詞。如：insummer,inAugust請區(qū)別：inthespringof1945.(這里表示特指，故加the)(2)一日三餐和球類運(yùn)動名不用冠詞。如：havebreakfast,playfootball(3)一些固定詞組中，如：gotobed,gotoschool,bybus,atnight.8.在有些詞組中，有冠詞和無冠詞意思不同，請注意區(qū)別：infrontof在…前面,inthefrontof在…范圍內(nèi)的前部inhospital(生病)住院,inthehospital在醫(yī)院里。,三.鞏固練習(xí)1.WhenLindawasachild,hermotheralwaysletherhave______bed.a.thebreakfastinb.thebreakfastinthec.breakfastind.breakfastinthe2.Hehaspromisedtogiveup______hundredsoftimes.a.tobaccob.tobaccoc.thetobaccod.tobaccos3.______usuallygotochurcheverySunday.a.TheBrownb.ABrownc.Brownsd.TheBrowns4.Thetrainisrunningfiftymiles______.a.anhourb.onehourc.thehourd.ahour5.Hecanplayalmosteverykindofmusicinstrumentbutheisgood______.a.atthefluteb.atflutec.atafluted.atthatflute6.Theinvestigatorsfoundthatmoreshouldbedonefor______inIndia.a.thosepoorb.apoorc.poord.thepoor7.Youlookinhighspirit.Youmusthave______duringyourholiday.a.wonderfultimeb.awonderfultimec.the,wonderfultimed.somewonderfultime8.Thecityassignedapolicemantotheschoolcrossingbecause______traffictherewassoheavy.a.ab.anc.thed.one9.Anewteacherwassenttothevillageinplaceof______onewhohadretired.a.ab.thec.and.its10.Virtueandvicearebeforeyou;______leadsyoutohappiness,______tomisery.a.theformer…latterb.aformer…alatterc.theformer…thelatterd.former…latter四.答案CBDAADBCBC第15章介詞一.概念:介詞表示它后面的名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其它結(jié)構(gòu)與句中其它成分的關(guān)系.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.表示地點(diǎn)位置的介詞1)at,in,on,toat(1)表示在小地方;(2)表示“在……附近，旁邊”,in(1)表示在大地方;(2)表示“在…范圍之內(nèi)”。on表示毗鄰，接壤to表示在……范圍外，不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否接壤Hearrivedatthestationatten.Heissittingatthedesk.HearrivedinShanghaiyesterday.JiangsuliesintheeastofChina.RussialiesonthenorthofChina.FujianistothesouthofJiangsuProvince.2)above,over,on在……上above指在……上方,不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否垂直，與below相對；over指垂直的上方,與under相對,但over與物體有一定的空間，不直接接觸。on表示某物體上面并與之接觸。Thebirdisflyingabovemyhead.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Heputhiswatchonthedesk.3)below,under在……下面under表示在…正下方below表示在……下，不一定在正下方Thereisacatunderthetable.Pleasewriteyournamebelowtheline.,2.表示時(shí)間的介詞1)in,on，at在……時(shí)in表示較長時(shí)間，如世紀(jì)、朝代、時(shí)代、年、季節(jié)、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。如inthe20thcentury,inthe1950s,in1989,insummer,inJanuary,inthemorning,inthenight,inone’slife,inone’sthirties等。on表示具體某一天及其早、中、晚。如onMay1st,onMonday,onNewYear’sDay,onacoldnightinJanuary,onafinemorning,onSundayafternoon等。at表示某一時(shí)刻或較短暫的時(shí)間，或泛指圣誕節(jié)，復(fù)活節(jié)等。如at3:20,atthistimeofyear,atthebeginningof,attheendof…,attheageof…,atChristmas，atnight,atnoon,atthismoment等。注意：在last,next,this,that,some,every等詞之前一律不用介詞。如：Wemeeteveryday.2)in,after在……之后“in+段時(shí)間”表示將來的一段時(shí)間以后；“after+段時(shí)間”表示過去的一段時(shí)間以后；“after+將來點(diǎn)時(shí)間”表示將來的某一時(shí)刻以后。Mymotherwillcomebackinthreeorfourdays.,Hearrivedafterfivemonths.Shewillappearafterfiveo’clockthisafternoon.3)from,since自從……from僅說明什么時(shí)候開始，不說明某動作或情況持續(xù)多久；since表示某動作或情況持續(xù)至說話時(shí)刻，通常與完成時(shí)連用。Hestudiedthepianofromtheageofthree.Theyhavelivedheresince1978.4)after,behind在……之后after主要用于表示時(shí)間；behind主要用于表示位置。Weshallleaveafterlunch.Lucyishidingbehindanoldhouse.3.表運(yùn)動方向的介詞：across,through通過，穿過across表示橫過,即從物體表面通過，與on有關(guān)；through穿過,即從物體內(nèi)部穿過，與in有關(guān)。Sheswamacrosstheriver.Hewalkedthroughtheforest.4.表示“在……之間”的介詞：between,amongbetween指在兩個(gè)人或兩個(gè)事物之間；among指在三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或事物之間。ThereisafootballmatchbetweenClassOneandClass,Twoontheplayground.Theteacherisstandingamongthestudents.5.表示其它意義的介詞1)on,about關(guān)于on 表示這本書，這篇文章或演說是嚴(yán)肅的，或?qū)W術(shù)性的，可供專門研究這一問題的人閱讀；about表示內(nèi)容較為普通，不那么正式。Therewillbealectureoneconomicsthisafternoon.Heiswritingabookoncooking.Hetoldmealotabouthislifeinthesummervocation.2)by,with,in表示方法、手段、工具by以……方法、手段或泛指某種交通工具；with表示用…工具、手段，一般接具體的工具和手段；in表示用…方式，用…語言(語調(diào)、筆墨、顏色)等；Hemakesalivingbysellingnewspapers.Hebrokethewindowwithastone.TheforeignerspoketousinEnglish.3)except,besides除了except除……之外，不包括在內(nèi)；besides除……之外，包括在內(nèi)。ExceptMr.Wang,wewenttoseethefilm.(王先生沒去),BesidesMr.Wang,wealsowenttoseethefilm.(王先生也去了)三.鞏固練習(xí)Taiwanis________thesoutheastofChina.（in,on,to）Go_________thebridge_________theriver,you’llfindtheshop.（across,through;over,above）Igotoschool__________7:30everymorning.（in,on,at）Hewouldliketomeether__________8:00and9:00tomorrowmorning.（between,among）TheGreenshavelivedinChina________threeyears.（in,for,after）Wegotoschooleveryday________SaturdayandSunday.（except,besides）Hewrotetheletter_________ink.（by,with,in）Shereturnedtohercountry_________fiveyears.（in,after,for）Thereisabigtree_________ourclassroom.（after,behind）Iusuallygotowork_________bike.（by,on,with）四.答案,1.in2.across,over3.at,4.between5.for6.except7.in8.after9.behind10.by第16章連詞一.概念連詞是用來連接詞,短語,從句或句子的詞.連詞不作成分.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.表示并列關(guān)系的連詞有：and,both…and…,notonly…butalso…和neither…nor…等1)and：和，并且A：基本用法：“and”表示“和”、“并且”的意思，用來連接對等關(guān)系的字和字，片語和片語，句子和句子。Ienjoybasketball,footballandtabletennis.Theweatherbecomescolderandcolder.B:特別用法：祁使句后連接and，有條件句作用，此時(shí)and=ifyou…,you’ll…Gostraighton,andyou’llseethelibrary.==Ifyougostraighton,youwillseethelibrary.2)both…and…既…也…,(兩者)都…A、both…and…構(gòu)成的詞組作主語時(shí),謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。,BothJimandKatearefromEngland.B、both…and…否定句表示部分否定。Youcan’tspeakbothGermanandEnglish.Bothmyfatherandmymotheraren’tdoctors.3)neither…nor…:既不…也不…neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí),謂語動詞靠近哪個(gè)主語就與哪個(gè)主語保持“人稱”和“數(shù)”的一致，即采取就近原則。NeitherInorhehasseentheplaybefore.4)notonly…butalso…:不但…而且…notonly…butalso…連接兩個(gè)主語后的謂語動詞也遵循就近原則。Notonlythemotherbutalsothechildrenareill.2.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞有：but,however,yet,still，while等。Marywasanicegirl,butshehadoneshortcoming.Tomgotupearly,yethefailedtocatchthetrain.Hewasverytired,stillhekeptonwalking.Yourcompositionisfairlygood,however,thereisstillsomeroomforimprovement.Janeishardworking,whilehersisterisquitelazy.,3.表示選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞有：or,either…or…,whether…or…等。1)or：或、否則A:基本用法or表示“或”的意思，使用于兩者之中選擇一個(gè)的時(shí)候。----IsyourfriendEnglishorAmerican?----American.Hedoesn’tlikedumplingsornoodles.B:特別用法祁使句后連接or，表“如果…,否則…”,有轉(zhuǎn)折的意思，此時(shí)or=ifyoudon’t…,you’ll…Hurryup,oryou’llbelate.=Ifyoudon’thurryup,you’llbelate.2)either…or…:或者…或者…;不是…就是…；要么…要么…either…or…連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí),謂語動詞靠近哪個(gè)主語就與哪個(gè)主語保持“人稱”和“數(shù)”的一致，即就近原則。EitheryouorIamright.DoeseithersheortheylikeEnglish?由either…or…引導(dǎo)的否定句是完全否定。Sheisn’teitherastudentorateacher.3)whether…or…不管…還是…Sheisalwayscheerful,whetherathomeoratschool.,4.表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有：for(因?yàn)?，so(所以)。Heisnotatschooltoday,forhehasabadcold.Itwaslate,soIwenthome.5.引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的從屬連詞有：before,after,when,while,as,till,until,since,assoonas等。Aftertheyhadplantedtheircrops,theytookarest.Wehavelearnedsixlessonssincehebegantoteachus.AssoonashegetstoBeijing,he’llcallme.1)when,while,as都表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)”，when從句謂語動詞既可以是瞬間動詞也可以是延續(xù)性動詞，可用于主從句動作同時(shí)發(fā)生或從句動作先于主句動作發(fā)生。while從句謂語動詞只能是延續(xù)性動詞，側(cè)重主從句動作同時(shí)發(fā)生。as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)持續(xù)性動作，多用于主從句動作同時(shí)發(fā)生，強(qiáng)調(diào)“一邊……一邊”。WhenIcamein,myfatherwascooking.Icameinwhen/whilemyfatherwascooking.Hesangashewalked.2)until用法：當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞時(shí)，主從句都用肯定式，譯為“直到……為止”；當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是瞬間動詞時(shí)，主句用否定式，從句用肯定式，即not…..until,譯為“直到……才”。,Mr.Greenwaiteduntilhischildrencameback.(格林先生一直等到他的孩子們回來)Mr.Greendidn’tgotobeduntilhischildrencameback.(格林先生直到他的孩子們回來才睡覺)6.引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有：if(如果),unless(除非，如果……不)等。Ifyoudon’tgosoon,you’llbelate.=Unlessyougosoon,you’llbelate.7.引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有because,as,since等。because“因?yàn)?rdquo;語氣最強(qiáng),回答why提問時(shí)只能用because，其引導(dǎo)的從句可放在句首或句末；as“由于”、since“既然”語氣不如because強(qiáng)，引導(dǎo)的從句常置于句首；for是并列連詞，語氣最弱，對前面分句加以解釋或補(bǔ)充說明，其引導(dǎo)的分句常置于句末且用逗號隔開。Hedidn’tgotoschoolbecausehewasill.Asitwasraining,wewenttherebybus.Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbegin.Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.注意：because與so不能同時(shí)使用。8.引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞有：although/though(雖然，盡管),eventhough/if(即使),Although/Thoughitisaveryyoungcountry,itisveryrich.Evenif/thoughyouwerehereyesterday,youcouldn’thelphim.注意：although/though引導(dǎo)的從句不能與but連用，但可與yet,still連用。9.引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有sothat和inorderthat(以便，為了)等。Theteacherspokeloudlysothat/inorderthatwecouldhearhimclearly.10.引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞有：sothat(結(jié)果是)和so/such…that…(如此…以至于)等。Itwasverycold,sothatthewaterinthebowlfroze.Hegottheresoearlythathegotagoodseat.Itissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanmoveit.11.引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的從屬連詞有：as…as…(與……一樣),notas/so…as…(不及，趕不上),和than(比)等。Iknowyoubetterthanshedoes.Heworksascarefullyasshe.Ican’trunas/sofastasyou.12.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞有：that和if/whether(是否)等。,Weknowthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.(賓語從句)Iwonderifhehasreceivedmye-mail.(賓語從句)Whetherhe’llgotherehasn’tbeendecided.(主語從句)注意：在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，如果主句是將來時(shí)，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。I’llgoonwiththeworkwhenIcomebacktomorrow.Hewon’tcomeunlessheisinvited.三.鞏固練習(xí)1、Idon’tlikereadingwatchingTV.Whataboutyou?“Idon’tlikereadingallday,IlikewatchingTVplays.”A．a(chǎn)nd,butB．a(chǎn)nd,andC．or,andD．or,but2、Youwon’tknowthevalue(價(jià)值)ofthehealthyouloseit.A．untilB．a(chǎn)fterC．whenD．because3、WeboughtGrannyapresent,shedidn’tlikeit.A．butB．a(chǎn)ndC．orD．so4、Studyhard,youwillpasstheexam.A．soB．forC．but,D．a(chǎn)nd5、Putonmoreclothes,you’llcatchcold.A．a(chǎn)ndB．forC．orD．but6、Myshoesarewornout,Ineednewones.A．soB．ifC．becauseD．a(chǎn)nd7、Heranfasthewontherace.A．enough…toB．so…thatC．too…toD．both…and8、Heisonlytenmonths.Hecanreadwrite.A．either…orB．neither…norC．both…andD．so…that9、ShesaidshemightcomeSaturdaySunday.A．neither…norB．nither…orC．too…toD．so…that10、IfTomMikeasksfortheircar,tellhimtocometomorrow.A．orB．a(chǎn)ndC．withD．but11、Itwasalreadyteno’clockwegottothemuseumthismorning.A．thatB．whenC．ifD．for12、It’salongtimewemetlast.A．soB．a(chǎn)fterC．since,D．before13、Thatmathsproblemisdifficultnobodycandoit.A．too…toB．very…thatC．so…thatD．very…but14、I’llgiveherthemessageshecomesback.A．sinceB．beforeC．untilD．a(chǎn)ssoonas15、theteachercameintotheclassroom,manystudentsweretalkingtoeachother.A．WhileB．IfC．SinceD．When16、Peopleoftenmistakeusforeachotherwearetwins.A．ifB．whenC．becauseD．a(chǎn)fter17、Couldyoutellmeinyourhometowninwinter?A．ifitoftensnowedB．whetherdoesitoftensnowC．ifitoftensnowD．whetheritoftensnows18、AreyousureMr.Liwillcometoyourbirthdayparty?A．ifB．thatC．forD．when19、LilyLucylikesinging.,A．Either…orB．Beither…nor…C．Both…andD．So…that20、Readthesentencesslowlywecanunderstandwhatyouread.A．sothatB．beforeC．untilD．because四.答案 1、D2、A3、A4、D5、C6、A7、B8、B9、B10、A11、B12、C13、C14、D15、D16、C17、D18、B19、C20、A第17章構(gòu)詞法一.概念英語的構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法,轉(zhuǎn)化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和詞首字母縮略法.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.轉(zhuǎn)化法英語中，有的名詞可作動詞，有的形容詞可作副詞或動詞，這種把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉(zhuǎn)化法。1)動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,很多動詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，大多意思沒有多大的變化(如下①)；有時(shí)意思有一定變化(如下②)；有的與一個(gè)動詞和不定冠詞構(gòu)成短語，表示一個(gè)動作(如下③)。例如：①Let'sgooutforawalk.我們到外面去散散步吧。②Heisamanofstrongbuild.他是一個(gè)體格健壯的漢子。③Let'shaveaswim.咱們游泳吧。2)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞很多表示對象(如下①)、身體部位(如下②)、某類人(如下③)的名詞可以用作動詞來表示動作，某些抽象名詞(如下④)也可作動詞。例如：①Didyoubookaseatontheplane?你訂好飛機(jī)座位了嗎?②Pleasehandmethebook.請把那本書遞給我。③Shenursedherhusbandbacktohealth.她看護(hù)丈夫，使他恢復(fù)了健康。④Welunchedtogether.我們在一起吃了午餐。3)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞有少數(shù)形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞。例如：Wewilltryourbesttobetterourlivingconditions.我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。4)副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞,有少數(shù)副詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞。例如：Murderwillout.(諺語)惡事終必將敗露。5)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞表示顏色的形容詞常可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞(如下①)；某些形容詞如old,young,poor,rich,wounded,injured等與the連用，表示一類人，作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)(如下②)。例如：Youshouldbedressedinblackatthefuneral.你在葬禮中該穿黑色衣服。Theoldinourvillagearelivingahappylife.我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。2.派生法在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫作派生法。1)前綴除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，不改變詞性；后綴一般改變詞類，而不引起詞義的變化。(1)表示否定意義的前綴常用的有dis-,il-,im-,in-,ir-,mis-,non-,un-等，在單詞的前面加這類前綴常構(gòu)成與該詞意義相反的新詞。例如：appear出現(xiàn)→disappear消失correct正確的→incorrect不正確的,lead帶領(lǐng)→mislead領(lǐng)錯(cuò)stop停下→non-stop不停(2)表示其它意義的前綴常用的有a-(多構(gòu)成表語形容詞),anti-(反對；抵抗),auto-(自動),co-(共同),en-(使),inter-(互相),re-(再；又),sub-(下面的；次；小),tele-(強(qiáng)調(diào)距離)等。例如：alone單獨(dú)的antigas防毒氣的autochart自動圖表cooperate合作enjoy使高興internet互聯(lián)網(wǎng)reuse再用subway地鐵telephone電話2)后綴英語單詞不僅可以通過加前綴構(gòu)成新詞，也可加后綴構(gòu)成新詞。后綴通常會改變單詞的詞性，構(gòu)成意義相近的其它詞性；少數(shù)后綴還會改變詞義，變?yōu)榕c原來詞義相反的新詞。(1)構(gòu)成名詞的后綴常用的有-ence，-(e)r/-or(從事某事的人),-ese(某地人)，-ess(雌性)，-ful(一……)，-ian(精通……的人)，-ist(專業(yè)人員)，-ment(性質(zhì)；狀態(tài))，-ness(性質(zhì)；狀態(tài))，-tion(動作；過程)等。例如：differ不同于→difference區(qū)別,write寫→writer作家Japan日本→Japanese日本人act表演→actress女演員mouth口→mouthful一口music音樂→musician音樂家(2)構(gòu)成動詞的后綴常用的有-(e)n(多用于形容詞之后)，-fy(使……化)，-ize(使……成為)。例如：wide→widen加寬beauty→beautify美化pure→purify提純r(jià)eal→realize意識到organ→organize組織(3)構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴常用的有-al，-able(有能力的)，-(a)n(某國人的)，-en(多用于表示材料的名詞后)，-ern(方向的)，-ese(某國人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less(表示否定)，-like(像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y(表示天氣)等。例如：nature自然→natural自然的reason道理→reasonable有道理的America美國→American美國的China中國→Chinese中國人的,gold金子→golden金的east東→eastern東方的child孩子→childish孩子氣的snow雪→snowy雪的(4)構(gòu)成副詞的常用后綴有-ly(主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。例如：angry生氣的→angrily生氣地to到→towards朝……，向……east東方→eastward向東(5)構(gòu)成數(shù)詞的后綴有-teen(十幾)，-ty(幾十)，-th(構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞)。例如：six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十　3.合成法1)合成名詞構(gòu)成方式例詞名詞＋名詞weekend周末名詞＋動詞daybreak黎明名詞＋動名詞handwriting書法名詞＋及物動詞＋er／orpain-killer止痛藥名詞＋介詞＋名詞editor-in-chief總編輯,代詞＋名詞she-wolf母狼動詞＋名詞typewriter打字機(jī)動名詞＋名詞reading-room閱覽室現(xiàn)在分詞＋名詞flying-fish飛魚形容詞＋名詞gentleman紳士副詞＋動詞outbreak爆發(fā)介詞＋名詞afternoon下午2)合成形容詞名詞＋形容詞snow-white雪白的名詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞English-speaking講英語的名詞＋to＋名詞face-to-face面對面的名詞＋過去分詞man-made人造的數(shù)詞＋名詞one-way單行的數(shù)詞＋名詞＋形容詞two-year-old兩歲的數(shù)詞＋名詞＋edfive-storeyed五層的動詞＋副詞see-through透明的形容詞＋名詞high-class高級的形容詞＋名詞＋ednoble-minded高尚的形容詞＋形容詞light-blue淺藍(lán)色的形容詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞good-looking相貌好看的副詞＋形容詞ever-green常青的副詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working勤勞的,副詞＋過去分詞well-known著名的副詞＋名詞fast-food專門提供快餐服務(wù)的介詞＋名詞downhill下坡的3)合成動詞名詞＋動詞sleep-walk夢游形容詞＋動詞white-wash粉刷副詞＋動詞overthrow推翻4)合成副詞形容詞＋名詞hotfoot匆忙地形容詞＋副詞everywhere到處副詞＋副詞however盡管如此介詞＋名詞beforehand事先介詞＋副詞forever永遠(yuǎn)5)合成代詞代詞賓格＋selfherself她自己物主代詞＋selfmyself我自己形容詞＋名詞anything任何東西6)合成介詞副詞＋名詞inside在……里面介詞＋副詞within在……之內(nèi)副詞＋介詞into進(jìn)入4.截短法(縮略法),截短法，即將單詞縮寫，詞義和詞性保持不變，主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。1)截頭telephone→phoneaeroplane→planeomnibus→bus2)去尾mathematics→mathsco-operate→co-opexamination→examkilogram→kilolaboratory→labtaxicab→taxi3)截頭去尾influenza→flurefrigerator→fridgeprescription→script5.混合法(混成法)混合法，即將兩個(gè)詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個(gè)新詞。后半部分表示主體；前半部分表示屬性。newsbroadcast→newscast新聞廣播televisionbroadcast→telecast電視播送,smokeandfog→smog煙霧helicopterairport→heliport直升飛機(jī)場6.首尾字母縮略法首尾字母縮略法，即用單詞首尾字母組成一個(gè)新詞。讀音主要有兩種形式，即各字母分別讀音；作為一個(gè)單詞讀音。veryimportantperson→VIP(讀字元音)要人；大人物television→TV(讀字元音)電視TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL托福Nato三.鞏固練習(xí)1.Thatmanwas________enoughnottotellthemanagerthathewouldnotdothejob.A.careB.carefulC.carelessD.carelessness2.Thesoldierdiedforsavingthechild，sohis________isheavierthanMountTai.A.dieB.deadC.diedD.death3.Thechildlooked________athisbrotherwhowasbadlywounded.A.sadlyB.sadnessC.sadlyD.sad,4.Heisanexpertatchemistry.Weallcallhima________.A.chemistryB.chemicalC.chemistD.physician5.Thethree-________chairisn’tsuitableforayoungchild.Hemayfalloff.A.leggingB.leggedC.legsD.leged6.Stephensonbecamethe________railwayengineerintheworld.A.leadB.leaderC.leadingD.leadership7.Whentheteacherpraisedhimforworkingoutthemathsproblem，Jacklooked________aboutathisclassmates.A.proudB.proudlyC.prideD.pridely8.Toeveryone’s________，thegirlfinishedthejobquitewell.A.satisfiedB.satisfactoryC.satisfyingD.satisfaction9.—Whatareyoudoinghere?,—Oh，myteacheraskedmetowriteapassageabout________inEnglish.—Youcanwrite________passageinEnglish?A.600words；a600-words　B.600-word；a600-wordsC.600words；a600-word　D.600words；a600-words10.Nooneshouldenterthespotwithoutthe________ofthepolice.A.permitB.permissionC.permittingD.permittence11.Youmustcomewithustothepolice________.Ourheadiswaitingforyou.A.headquartersB.headlineC.headmasterD.headache12.Lettingthatanimalescapewasnoaccident；youdidit________.A.intendB.intentionC.intentionally　D.intentional13.Theshopownerwelcomedalltheguestswitha________smile.A.practiceB.practise,C.practicalD.practiced14.The________orderedhimtopaya$100fine.A.judgerB.judgmentC.judgeD.judgement15.MyTVisoutoforder.Canyoutellmewhatisthe________newsaboutIraqWar?A.latelyB.latestC.laterD.latter16.TheGreatWallismorethan6000liin________.A.longerB.lengthC.longD.longing17.Tomy________，Ipassedtheexameasily.A.joyB.joyfulC.joylessD.joyness18.Canadaismainlyan________country.A.English-speakingB.speak-EnglishC.spoken-EnglishD.English-spoken19.How________heis!Heisalwaysacting________.Heisreallya________.A.foolish；foolishly；foolB.fool；foolish；foolC.foolish；fool；fool,D.foolishly；foolish；fool20.Thenecklacethatshelostisveryexpensive.It’sofgreat________.A.valuableB.valueC.valuelessD.unvaluable21.Therewere________fishintheriverinSouthAmerica.A.indangerB.dangerC.dangerousD.dangerless22.Theletter“b”intheword“doubt”is________.A.soundB.silentC.silenceD.sounded23.Thechildlookedatme________.A.strangerB.strangelyC.strangeD.strangeless24.Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheir________bravely.A.freeB.freelyC.freedomD.frees25.Whatyousaidsounded________butinfactitwasuntrue.A.reasonableB.reasonful,C.reasonlessD.unreason26.Wehavetolearn________technologyfromothercountries.A.advanceB.advancingC.advantageD.advanced27.Thechildrenliveinavillage________.Theycomeherealmosteveryday.A.nearbyB.nearC.nearlyD.nearby28.MrBlackisan________inthearmy，notan________inthegovernment.Youcannoteasilyfindhiminhis________.A.official；officer；officeB.officer；office；officialC.official；official；officialD.officer；official；office29.You’dbettergiveupsmokingifyouwanttokeep________.A.healthB.healthyC.healthilyD.healthier30.________speaking，Ididn’tdoitonpurpose.A.Honestly　B.Honest,C.HonestyD.Dishonest四.答案1-5BDACB6-10CBDCB11-15ACDCB16-20BAAAB21-25CBBCA26-30DADBA第二部分句法第18章名詞性從句一.概念名詞性從句共有四種:主語從句,表語從句,賓語從句和同位語從句二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講主語從句：主語從句在整個(gè)句子中作主語。(1)不同于其它的連詞，它不充當(dāng)句子的成分，只是單純的連接詞，通常不可以省略。分句置于句首時(shí)，that絕對不可以省略。Thatthedrivercouldnotcontrolhiswarwasobvious（明顯的,顯而易見的）.,Itwasobviousthatthedrivercouldnotcontrolhiscar.(2)if不能用在主語從句中，而是用whetherWhetherheleft(ornot)isunknown(3)當(dāng)主語從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞一般用第三人稱單數(shù)，下面這個(gè)句型例外。Whatweneedismoretimeandmoney.Whatweneedaremanymorebooks.2.表語從句：表語從句出現(xiàn)在系動詞后，充當(dāng)表語。Thetroubleisthatweareshortofmoney.Goandgetyourcoat.It’swhereyouleftit.引導(dǎo)表語從句除了上述三類詞外還有because,asif/asthough等等Thereason(why/forwhich…..)isthat……It/This/Thatisbecause……連系動詞“appear,look,seem”的兩個(gè)常用句型Itseems/appearsthat….Itlooks/seemsasif/asthough……(與事實(shí)相符用陳述語氣，與事實(shí)相反用虛擬語氣)as也可以引導(dǎo)表語從句Thingsarenotalwaysastheyseemtobe3.,賓語從句：及物動詞，形容詞和介詞后加賓語從句作其賓語。賓語從句時(shí)態(tài)與主句相呼應(yīng)，但賓語從句表示的是客觀真理或普遍現(xiàn)象除外Theteachertoldusthattheearthmovesaroundthesun連詞whether和if可以互換，但注意下列情況連詞后緊跟ornot時(shí)用whetherIwanttoknowwhetherornottheywillcome.作介詞賓語是用whether引導(dǎo)賓語從句Hewasinterestedinwhetherhesawherthere.連接詞后直接加不定式，不能用if只能用whetherHedoesn’tknowwhethertostayornot.如果賓語從句是否定時(shí)，一般用if引導(dǎo)Icareifhewillnotattendthemeeting.當(dāng)賓語從句后帶賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，要用“主語+謂語+it+賓補(bǔ)+that-clause,that不可省略Ithinkitcertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.當(dāng)主語是I,we，主句用think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine五個(gè)動詞時(shí)，用否定轉(zhuǎn)移Idon’tthinkhewillwinthegame,willhe?that在賓語從句?？梢允÷?，但由and或but連接兩個(gè)或多個(gè)賓語從句時(shí)，僅可以省略第一個(gè)連詞that,Hesaid(that)hehadeatennothingbutthathewasn’thungry.注意區(qū)別if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句和條件狀語從句Idon’tknowifhewillcome.Ifhecomes,I’llletyouknow.4.同位語從句，在句中作某些名詞的同位語，對前面的名詞進(jìn)一步說明。用在下列名詞fact,news,idea,hope,believe,hope,thought,doubt.truth,order,suggestion,wordetc.Thereisnodoubtthathewillcome.Thereisdoubtwhetherhewillcome.WordcamethatNapoleonwouldcometoinspectthem.Thereisnopossibilitythat….that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別：在同位語從句中：that不可以省略，不作成分;定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句作成分，作賓語時(shí)可以省略Weareinterestedinthenewsthatsomeforeignerswouldvisitourschool.Weareinterestedinthenewsthathetoldus.when,where引導(dǎo)的同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別：在定語從句中，when,where前有分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的先行詞；而在同位語從句中無此對應(yīng)關(guān)系,Theyhavenoideaatallwherehehasgone.(同位語從句)Goandgetyourcoat.It’sintheplacewhereyouleftit.(定語從句)5.疑問詞-ever既可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，而nomatter+疑問詞只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句NomatterwhereIgo,myheartistowardsChina.Ibelieverwhateverhesays.Whateverhesays,Iwillneverbelievehim.who與whoever的區(qū)別who是“誰”的意思，表示具有疑問，who相當(dāng)于anyonewho“無論誰”Whoeverleavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.Canyoutellmewhothatgentlemanis?6．當(dāng)名詞性從句缺少主語、賓語或表語時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞通常用what，它相當(dāng)于。另外，有時(shí)具有感嘆意義allthat,anythingthat或thething(s)thatWhatwecan’tgetseemsbetterthanwhatwehave.TomthoughtwhatabeautifulgirlMarywas.7.注意區(qū)分it作形式主語的主語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that,去掉Itis/was,,that，句子仍然成立。Itisnaturalthattheyshouldhavedifferentviews.主語從句Itisonlylatelythathehadhadafamilyhimself.強(qiáng)調(diào)句Whatwasitthathewanted?Idon’tknowwhatitwasthathewanted.Itwasinthehotelwherehestayedthatwediscussedtheseriousproblem8.注意it作形式主語的主語從句和as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句引導(dǎo)的不同Itisknowntoallthattheearthisround.Asisknowntoall.theearthisround.三.鞏固練習(xí)1．____hedoeshasnothingtodowithme.A.whateverB.NomatterwhatC.ThatD.If2.Themanagercameoverandaskedthecustomerhow____A.didthequarrelcameaboutB.thequarrelhadcomeaboutC.hadthequarrelcomeaboutD.hadthequarrelcomeabout,3.Energyis____makesthingwork..A.whatB.somethingC.anythingD.that4.Informationhasbeenputforward____moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as5.Thisis___theshenzhouVSpaceshiplanded.A.thereB.inwhichC.whereD.when6.Theyhavenoideaatall____.A.wherehehasgoneB.wheredidhegoC.whichplacehashegoneD.wherehashegone7.Thedoctordidalottoreducethepatient’sfear____hewoulddieofthedisease.A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.ofthat8.Theordercame___thesoldiers____thesmallvillagethenextmorning.A.that;hadtoleaveB.that;shouldleaveC./;mustleaveD.when;shouldleave9.___isnopossibility____Bobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.A.There;thatB.It;thatC.there;whetherD.It;whether10.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting_____wehad,enoughmoneyforourresearch.A.thatB.whichC.whetherD.if11.Is_____hesaidreallytrue?A.thatB.whatC.whyD.whether12.____themeetingshouldlasttwodaysorthreedaysdoesn’tmatter.A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Where13.Itworriedherabit_____herhairwasturninggray.A.whileB.ifC.thatD.for14._____morecountriescanusenaturalenergyinthefutureremainstobeseen.A.WhetherB.ThisC.whoD.If15.____hewillgotoworkinamountainvillagesurprisesallofus.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhetherD.If16.____youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoD.How17.____alltheinventionshaveincommonis____theyhavesucceeded.A.What;whatB.That;thatC.what;thatD.That;what,18.____appearedtomethatheenjoyedthefoodverymuch.A.WhatB.ItC.AllthatD.That19.Itiswidely______thatsmokingcancausecancer.A.believedB.thinkC.sayD.hoped20.____causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.A.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.Where21.____healwaysservesthepeopleverywellisknown.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhichD.Who22.____haspassedthetestwillgetaprize.A.WhoeverB.NomaterwhoC.WhomeverD.Who23.Is____truethatthefamousscientistwillgiveusalecturenextweek?AthatBitChisDhe24.Ithasnotbeendecided___theywillleaveforNewYork.A.whenBwhyCthatDwhat25.Obviously___wedomorningexerciseseveryday___usgood.A.thatdoB.if;doCwhat;doesD.that;dose26Itissaid________wasall___hesaid.,Athat;that;thatBwhat;what;whatCthat;which;whatDthat;that;which27___getshomefirstistocookthesupper.A.WhoBWhomC.ThosewhoD.Whoever28___movedusmostwas___helikedaftertheoldmanformorethantwentyyears.A.That;thatB.What;thatCWhat;whatD.That;what29.___youdiditisnotknowntoall.A.WhoB.WhatC.HowD.Which30.___youdoshouldbewelldone.AHowB.ThatC.WhateverDWhy31.ThereasonIplantogois___shewillbedisappointedifIdon’t.A.becauseB.thatC.thankstoD.what32.Whattimedoyouthink__?A.willTomcomebackB.TomwillcomebackC.isTomcomingbackD.canTomgethere33.Theteachersaidthatlight___fasterthansound.A.HastraveledB.traveledC.hadtraveledD.travels34..___isstillaquestion___willwin.,A.It;thatB.It;whoC.That;whoD.This;that35.Ifyouknow___itwasthatwriteATaleofTwoCities,raiseyourhand.A.whomB.whichC.whoD.that36.Insomecountries,___arecalled“publicschools”arenotownedbythestate.A.thatB.whichC.asD.what37.Thinking___youknow___infactyoudon’tisaterriblemistake.A.that;thatB.what;whatC.that;whatD.whatthat38.Whetherwayswillbefoundtostoppollutionornotisjust___worriesthepublic.A.whyB.whichC.thatD.what39.Whydon’tyoubring___tohisattentionthatyouaretoobusytodoit?A.thatB.whatC.thatD.it40.___DavidsayssoundsrighttoHelen.That’swhyshehasmadeuphermindtoleavewithhim___happens.A.whatever;whateverB.Nomatterwhat;whateverC.Nomatterwhat;NomatterwhatD.Whatever;however41.Thatis___Iwasbornandgrewup.,A.ThereB.inwhichC.whereD.theplace42.___shewasinvitedtotheballmadeherveryhappy.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhenD.Because43.___wearedoinghasneverbeendonebefore.A.ThatB.WhatC.WhichD.Whether44.---Haveyoufoundyourbookyet?---No,I’mnotsure___Icouldhaveleftit.A.whetherB.whereC.whenD.why45.Thedoctorcouldn’tanswerthequestion___thepatientcouldsurvivethatnight.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.what46.Ifirmlybelieve___hesaidatthemeetingwasright.A.thatB.whichC.thatwhatD.whatthat47.---Whatwereyoutryingtoprovetothepolice?---___Iwaslastnight.A.ThatB.WhenC.WhereD.What48.Ithink,thoughIcouldbemistaken,__helikedme.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.what49.Atthemeeting,wediscussed___weshouldemploymoreworkers.,A.ifB.whetherC.thatD./50.After___seemedlikehourshecameoutwithabittersmile.A.whichB.itC.whatD.that四.答案1—5ABABC6—10AABAC11—15BBCAB16—20BCBAA21—25BABAD26—30ADBCC31—35BBDBC36—40DCDDA41—45CBBBC46—50CCCBC第19章定語從句一.概念在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句,稱為定語從句,也叫形容詞性從句二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。1）who,whom,that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語和賓語。例如：Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?,他就是你想見的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）2）whose用來指人或物，（只用作定語,若指物，它還可以同ofwhich互換）。例如：Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.　那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。Pleasepassmethebookwhose（ofwhich）coverisgreen.　請遞給我那本綠皮的書。3）which,that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。例如：Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which/that在句中作賓語）Thepackage（which/that）youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了。（which/that在句中作賓語） 2.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。1）關(guān)系副詞when,where,why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+,which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。例如：Thereareoccasionswhen（onwhich）onemustyield.　任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。Beijingistheplacewhere（inwhich）Iwasborn.　北京是我的出生地。Isthisthereasonwhy（forwhich）herefusedouroffer?　這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？2）that代替關(guān)系副詞，可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when,where,why和"介詞+which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略。例如：Hisfatherdiedtheyear（that/when/inwhich）hewasborn.　他父親在他出生那年逝世了。Heisunlikelytofindtheplace（that/where/inwhich）helivedfortyyearsago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。 3.判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法一：用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.這是我去年呆過的山村。I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogether,withyou.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記與你共事的日子。習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞where,when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。方法二：準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞（who,whom,that,which,whose）；先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞（where地點(diǎn)狀語，when時(shí)間狀語，why原因狀語）。4.限制性和非限制性定語從句1）定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。例如：　Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。（限制性）　Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買的。（非限制性）2）當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如：　CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。,　Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.　我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園?！hisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。3）非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞,對其進(jìn)行修飾,這時(shí)從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如：　HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩?！iquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。說明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。 5.介詞+關(guān)系詞1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。2）that前不能有介詞。3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when和where互換。例如：ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.這是我兩年前住過的房子。ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎？,Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?6.as,which非限定性定語從句由as,which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.太陽使地球暖起來，這對我們?nèi)祟惡苤匾?。as和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn)：（1）as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。（2）as代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.。7.先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一　1）Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.（Whoever可以用anyonewho代替）　2）Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.（what可以用allthat代替）,8.what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever1）what=thethingwhich；whatever=anything。例如：　Whatyouwanthasbeensenthere.你要的動詞都送來了?！hateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.不管你要什么，跟我沒什么關(guān)系。2）who=thepersonthatwhoever=anyonewho。例如：3）that和what當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，通常用作關(guān)系代詞，而引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，是個(gè)不充當(dāng)任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that常可省略。What只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。例如：Ithink（that）youwilllikethestamps.我想你會喜歡這些郵票的。Whatweneedismorepractice.我們需要的是更多的實(shí)踐。9.關(guān)系代詞that的用法1）不用that的情況a）引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。例如：（錯(cuò)）Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b）介詞后不能用。例如：,　Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.我們依賴土地獲得食物。　Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.2）只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況a）　在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which。b）　在不定代詞，如：anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。c）　先行詞有theonly,thevery修飾時(shí)，只用that。d）　先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時(shí)，只用that。.e）　先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。例如：Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.所需的只是供油問題。Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。三.鞏固練習(xí)1.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone______familywaspoor.A.ofwhomB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose　,2.Sheheardaterriblenoise,_______broughtherheartintohermouth.A.itB.whichC.thisD.that3.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhom　D.towhom　4.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,____wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it　5.AfterlivinginPairsforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown____hegrewupasachild.　A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when6．CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,＿＿＿＿＿personallyIdoubtverymuch.　A.itB.thatC.whenD.which　7．Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,________,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.A．whoB．whichC．thisD．what　8.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,_____wasveryreasonable.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itsprice　D.,thepriceofwhose9._____hasalreadybeenpointedout,grammarisnotasetofdeadrules.A.AsB.ItC.ThatD.Which10.HelivedinLondonfor3months,during____timehelearnedsomeEnglish.A.thisB.whichC.thatD.same11.Ohthewallhungapicture,_____colorisblue.A.whoseB.ofwhichC.whichD.its12.WheneverImethim,____wasfairlyoften,Ilikehissweetandhopefulsmile.　A.whatB.whichC.thatD.when13.Thevisitoraskedtheguidetotakehispicture_____standsthefamoustower.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.there14.Theboss____departmentMsKingworkedtenyearsagolookdownuponwomen.　A.inwhichB.inthatC.inwhoseD.whose15.Idon’tlike_____youspeaktoher.A.thewayB.thewayinthatC.thewaywhichD.thewayofwhich16.Ihadneitheraraincoatnoranumbrella._______,Igotwetthrough.A.It’sthereasonB.That’swhyC.There’swhyD.It’show17.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,____ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitisC.whichIthinkitD.Ithinkwhichis18.Hewasveryrudetothecustomsofficer,____ofcoursemadethingsevenworse.A.whoB.whomC.whatD.which19.a)Heisaninterestingspeaker,and,_______ismoreimportant,heknowshissubjectthoroughly.b)Hewenttothemeeting,and,_______wasworse,insistedonspeaking.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.when20.Thefarmeruseswoodtobuildahouse________tostoregrain.A.inwhichB.whereC.whichD.withwhich21.Iwillinvite_______mydaughterloves.A.whoeverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whatever22.Youcanbuyasmanycopiesofthisbook________youwants.,A.thatB.whichC.asD.forwhich23.Tomatemorefood_______wasgoodforhishealth.A.thatB.asC.thanD.which24.Hewashidingbehindthedoor_________hecouldseewhatwashappening.A.whichB.fromwhereCfromwhichD.where25.Shewore,_______wasveryuncommoninthecountry,aredgarment.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.it=Sheworearedgarment,_______wasveryuncommoninthecountry.26.TheEnglishplay____mystudentsactedattheNewYear'spartywasagreatsuccess.A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich27.______isreportedinthenewspapers,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What28.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,_____thesailingtimewas226days.A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhich29.Iworkinabusinessalmosteveryoneiswaitingforagreatchance.,A.howB.whichC.whereD.that30.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers______shehadwipedherhands.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that31.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which32.________isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.A.WhichB.WhenC.WhatD.As33.Anyway,thatevening,____I’lltellyoumoreaboutlater,IendedupstayingatRachel’splace.A.whenB.whereC.whatD.which34.Astorygoes______ElizabethIofEnglandlikednothingmorethatbeingsurroundedbycleverandqualifiednoblemenatcourt.A.whenB.whereC.whatD.that35.Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%aresoldabroad.A．ofwhichB．whichofC．ofthemD．ofthat,36.TherewastimeIhatedtogotoschool.A．a(chǎn);thatB．a(chǎn);whenC．the;thatD．the;when37.Therearetwobuildings,standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.A．thelargerB．thelargerofthemC．thelargeronethatD．thelargerofwhich38.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuthesaidit.A．thewayB．inthewaythatC．inthewayD．thewaywhich39.Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeone_____theycantalkfrequently.A.whoB.asC.aboutwhichD.withwhom40.GeorgeOrwell,_______wasEricArthur,wrotemanypoliticalnovelsandessays.A.therealnameB.whathisrealnameC.hisrealnameD.whoserealname四.答案1-5DBDBB6-10DBBAB11-15ABBCA16-20BADAA21-25BCCBC26-30CBACA31-35DDDDA36-40BDADD,第20章狀語從句一.概念狀語從句修飾主句中的動詞,形容詞,副詞等,在復(fù)合句中作狀語.引導(dǎo)狀語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞.狀語從句用陳述句語序,一般位于復(fù)合句的句首或句末.當(dāng)從句在句首時(shí),從句后常用逗號和主句相隔.狀語從句根據(jù)其在句中的不同作用分別表示時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因,目的,結(jié)果,條件,比較,讓步,行為方式等.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.地點(diǎn)狀語從句地點(diǎn)狀語從句通常由where,wherever引導(dǎo)。例如：WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.我住的地方樹很多。WhereverIamIwillbethinkingofyou.不管我在哪里我都會想到你。2.方式狀語從句方式狀語從句通常由as,（just）as…so…,asif,asthough引導(dǎo)。1）as,（just）as…so…引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在（just）as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…,"，"就像"，多用于正式文體。例如：Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水?！ustaswesweepourrooms,soweshouldsweepbackwardideasfromourminds.正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。2）asif,asthough兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。例如：Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif（asthough）theyneverexisted.他們完全忽略了這些事實(shí)，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）Helooksasif（asthough）hehadbeenhitbylighting.他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.看來天氣很快就會好起來。（實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。）,說明：asif/asthough也可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)分詞短語、不定式短語或無動詞短語。例如：Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。　Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的?！hewavesdashedontherocksasifinanger.波濤沖擊著巖石，好像很憤怒 3.原因狀語從句比較because,since,as和for：1）because語勢最強(qiáng)，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。當(dāng)原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或since。例如：Ididn'tgo,becauseIwasafraid.我不去是因?yàn)槲遗?。Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.天氣那么糟，旅行推遲了。2）由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。例如：Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.他今天缺席，因?yàn)樗×恕emustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.,他一定病了，所以今天缺席。4.目的狀語從句表示目的狀語的從句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等詞引導(dǎo)。例如：Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.你必須大點(diǎn)聲，別人就能聽見了。Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat（lest）heshouldforgetit.他寫下了這個(gè)名字以免以后忘記。Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.最好多穿點(diǎn)衣服，以防天發(fā)冷。5.結(jié)果狀語從句　結(jié)果狀語從句常由so…that或such…that引導(dǎo)。so…that與such…that之間可以轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：Theboyissoyoungthathecan'tgotoschool.這男孩年齡太小，不能上學(xué)。Heissuchayoungboythathecan'tgotoschool6.條件狀語從句　連接詞主要有if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat等。if引導(dǎo)的條件句有真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句兩種。非真實(shí)條件句已在虛擬語氣中闡述。unless=ifnot.例如：Let'sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.,如果不太累，我們?nèi)ド⑸⒉?。Ifyouarenottootied,let'sgooutforawalk.典型例題Youwillbelate___youleaveimmediately.A.unlessB.untilC.ifD.or答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否則你就回遲到的?？赊D(zhuǎn)化為Ifyoudongleaveimmediately,youwillbelate。B、D句意不對，or表轉(zhuǎn)折，句子如為Youleaveimmediatelyoryouwillbelate.7.讓步狀語從句1）though,although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，后面的從句不能有but，但是though和yet可連用。例如：Althoughit'sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.　雖然在下雨，但他們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫?。Heisveryold,buthestillworksveryhard.雖然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。Thoughthesorebehealed,yetascarmayremain.傷口雖愈合，但傷疤留下了。（諺語）2）as,though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須表語或狀語提前（形容詞、副詞、分詞、實(shí)義動詞提前）。例如：　Childas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.雖然是個(gè)小孩，該做什么不做什么，他全知道。,3）everif,eventhough　即使。例如：We'llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.即使天氣不好，我們也要去遠(yuǎn)足。4）whether…or…　不管……都。例如：Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.信不信由你，這確實(shí)是真的。5）　"nomatter+疑問詞"或"疑問詞+后綴ever"。例如：Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.=Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.不管發(fā)生什么，他不在意。　替換：nomatterwhat=whatever　nomatterwho=whoever　nomatterwhen=whenever　nomatterwhere=wherever　nomatterwhich=whichever　nomatterhow=however注意：nomatter不能引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句。8.比較while,when,as1）as,when引導(dǎo)短暫性動作的動詞。例如：Justas/Justwhen/WhenIstoppedmycar,amancameuptome.我一剎車，有一個(gè)人向我走來。2）當(dāng)從句的動作發(fā)生于主句動作之前，只能用when,引導(dǎo)這個(gè)從句，不可用as或while。例如：Whenyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmayhavearest.趕完活后，你可以休息一下。3）從句表示"隨時(shí)間推移"連詞能用as，不用when或while。例如：Asthedaywenton,theweathergotworse.　日子一天天過去，天氣越變越壞。9.比較until和till此兩個(gè)連詞意義相同?？隙ㄐ问奖硎镜囊馑际?quot;做某事直至某時(shí)"，動詞必須是延續(xù)性的。否定形式表達(dá)的意思是"直至某時(shí)才做某事"。動詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以。正確使用這兩個(gè)連詞的關(guān)鍵之一就在于判斷句中的動詞該用肯定式還是否定式?？隙ň洌篒sleptuntilmidnight.我一直睡到半夜時(shí)醒了。WaittillIcallyou.等著我叫你。（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如Let'sgetinthewheatbeforethesunsets.）否定句：Shedidn'tarriveuntil6o'clock.她直到6點(diǎn)才到。Don'tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.公共汽車停穩(wěn)后再下車。Ididn'tmanagetodoituntilyouhadexplainedhow.,直到你教我后，我才會做。區(qū)別：1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如：Untilyoutoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhathappened.直到你告訴我以前，出了什么事我一點(diǎn)也不知道。2）untilwhen疑問句中，until要放在句首。例如：---Untilwhenareyoustaying?　你呆到什么時(shí)候？---UntilnextMonday.　呆到下周一?！∽⒁猓悍穸ň淇捎昧硗鈨煞N句式表示。1）Notuntil…在句首，主句用倒裝。例如：　Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcenturydidmanknowwhatheatis.直到19世紀(jì)初，人類才知道熱為何物。　NotuntilIbegantoworkdidIrealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasted.直到工作，才認(rèn)識到我已蹉跎了幾多歲月。2）Itisnotuntil…that…。例如：ItwasnotuntilIbegantoworkthatIrealizedhowmuchtimeIhadwasted.10.表示"一…就…"的結(jié)構(gòu)hardly/scarcely…when/before,nosooner…than　和assoonas都可以表示"一…就…"的意思。例如：,Ihadhardly/scarcelygothomewhenitbegantorain.剛回家，就下起雨來了。Ihadnosoonergothomethanitbegantorain.AssoonasIgothome,itbegantorain.注意：如果hardly,scarcely或nosooner置于句首，句子必須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：Hardly/ScarcelyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.三.鞏固練習(xí)1.Thesephotographswillshowyou_____.A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howdoesourvillagelooklikeD.howourvillagelookslike2.Canyoumakesure______thegoldring?A.whereAlicehadputB.wheredidAliceputC.whereAlicehasputD.wherehasAliceput3.Noonecanbesure_____inamillionyears.A.whatmanwilllooklikeB.whatwillmanlooklikeC.manwilllooklikewhatD.whatlookwillman,like4.—-Wehaven’theardfromJanealongtime.--Whatdoyousuppose_____toher?A.washappeningB.hashappenedC.tohappenD.havinghappened5.Goandgetyourcoat.It’s_____youleftit.A.thereB.whereC.therewhereD.wherethere6._____the2000OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijingisnotknownyet.A.WheneverB.IfC.WhetherD.That7._____hesaidatthemeetingastionishedeveryonepresent.A.WhatB.ThatC.ThatfactD.Thematter8.—-Doyouremember_____hecame?--Yes,Ido.Hecamebycar.A.howB.whenC.thatD.it9._____wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan______wehave.A.What,whatB.What,thatC.That,thatD.That,what10.Afterthewar,anewschoolbuildingwasputup________therehadoncebeenatheatre.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when11.Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.,A.HoweverlateisheB.HoweverheislateC.HoweverishelateD.Howeverlateheis12.Dr,BlackcomesfromeitherOxfordorCambridge,Ican'tremember_____.A.whereB.thereC.whichD.that13.Whydoyouwantanewjob_____you'vegotsuchagoodonealready?A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when14.－－I’mgoingtothepostoffice.－－＿＿＿＿＿you'rethere.canyougetmesomestamps?A.AsB.While　C.BecauseD.If15.＿＿＿＿＿you'vegotachance.youmightaswellmakefulluseofit.　A.NowthatB.After　C.AlthoughD.ASsoonas16．－－IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.－－Isthat＿＿＿＿＿youhadafewdaysoff?　A.why　B.when　C.what　D.where17.Youshouldmakeitaruletoleavethings＿＿＿＿＿youcanfindthemagainA.whenB.whereC.thenD.there,18.We'llhavetofinishthejob.＿＿＿＿＿.A.longittakeshoweverB.ittakeshoweverlongC.longhoweverittakesD.howeverlongittakes19.______shecouldn’tunderstandwas_______fewerandfewerstudentsshowedinterestinherlesson.A.What,whyB.That,whatC.What,becauseD.Why,that20.Someoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee___________.A.whoisheB.whoheisC.whoisitD.whoitis四.答案1-5BCABB6-10CAAAB11-15DCDBA16-20ABDAD第21章句子的種類概說1.按使用目的，句子可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。1）陳述句（DeclarativeSentences）：說明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。例如：Lighttravelsfasterthansound.　光比聲傳播速度快。（說明事實(shí)）Thefilmisratherboring.　這部電影很乏味。（說明看法）,2）疑問句（InterrogativeSentences）：提出問題。有以下四種：a.一般疑問句（GeneralQuestions）：Canyoufinishtheworkintime?你能按時(shí)完成工作嗎？b.特殊疑問句（Wh-Questions）：Wheredoyoulive?　你住那兒？c.選擇疑問句（AlternativeQuestions）：Doyouwantteaorcoffee?你是要茶還是要咖啡？d.反意疑問句（Tag-Questions）：Hedoesn'tknowher,doeshe?他不認(rèn)識她，對不對？　3）祈使句（ImperativeSentences）：提出請求，建議或發(fā)出命令。例如：Don'tbenervous!　別緊張！4）感嘆句（ExclamatorySentences）：表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒。例如：Whatgoodnewsitis!　多好的消息啊！2.句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下三類：1）簡單句（SimpleSentences）：只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡單句。例如：Sheisfondofcollectingstamps.她喜歡集郵。2）并列句（Compound,Sentences）：包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句，句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號來連接。例如：Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.食物很精美，但他卻沒什么胃口。　3）復(fù)合句（ComplexSentences）：包含一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)從句的句子叫復(fù)合句，從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。例如：Thefilmhadbegunwhenwegottothecinema.我們到達(dá)電影院的時(shí)候，電影已經(jīng)開演了。3.基本句型：英語中千變?nèi)f化的句子歸根結(jié)底都是由以下五種基本句型組合、擴(kuò)展、變化而來的：1）主+動（SV）例如：Iwork.　我工作。2）主+動+表（SVP）例如：Johnisbusy.　約翰忙。3）主+動+賓（SVO）例如：ShestudiesEnglish.　她學(xué)英語。4）主+動+賓+補(bǔ)（SVOC）例如：Timewouldprovemeright.時(shí)間會證明我是對的。5）主+動+間賓+直賓（SVOiOd）例如：Mymothermademeanewdress.　我母親給我做了一件新衣裳。第22章簡單句和并列句一.概念(一)簡單句由一個(gè)主語(或并列主語)和一個(gè)謂語(或并列謂語),所構(gòu)成的句子叫簡單句，其結(jié)構(gòu)是主語+謂語。(二)并列句由并列連詞把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的互相關(guān)連而又互相獨(dú)立的獨(dú)句(即簡單句)連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子叫并列句。其結(jié)構(gòu)是：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句常用的連詞有and,but,ornotonly...butalso,neither...nor,either...or二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講(一)簡單句1.主語、謂語在人稱與數(shù)上的一致性。and連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞也相應(yīng)地使用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但：(1)如果and連接的兩個(gè)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞且前面都沒有冠詞，若兩個(gè)詞表示一個(gè)事物或一個(gè)概念，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)；如果兩個(gè)詞表示的是兩個(gè)事物或兩個(gè)概念，謂語動詞則要用復(fù)數(shù)。(2)如果and連接的是兩個(gè)可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞，前一個(gè)有冠詞，后一個(gè)沒有冠詞，意味著一個(gè)人或事物，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。(3)當(dāng)and連接的兩個(gè)名詞前都有each，every，manya，no等單數(shù)概念的限定詞修飾時(shí)(第二個(gè)名詞前的修飾詞有時(shí)可以省略)，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。,2.陳述句與疑問句的轉(zhuǎn)換。3.選擇疑問句。4.反意疑問句。(1)陳述句+省略問句(2)祈使句+附加疑問句反意疑問句的回答(二)并列句并列句分為:聯(lián)合并列句,轉(zhuǎn)折并列句,選擇并列句和因果并列句聯(lián)合并列句常由并列詞and,notonly…butalso…..等連接如:Useyourhand,andyou’llfindaway.轉(zhuǎn)折并列句常由并列連詞but,while,yet,whereas,nevertheless等連接如:Iwouldlovetohavegonetothe注:2,3,4點(diǎn)內(nèi)容不在這里介紹,講參閱相關(guān)章節(jié)partylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.選擇疑問句常由并列連詞or,otherwise,either…or…,等連接如:EitheryouleavethishouseorI’llcallthepolice因果并列句由并列連詞so,for,therefore等連接.如:itwaslate,sowewenthome.,在”祈使句+and/or+陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,當(dāng)前后兩部分間為承接關(guān)系時(shí),用and;前后意思為相反關(guān)系時(shí),用or.可將前面的祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換成由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句,但必須將and或or去掉.如:Hurryup,andwe’llbethereintime.=Ifwehurryup,we’llbethereintime.because和so;although,though和but不能連用三.鞏固練習(xí)1.Idon’tsupposeanyonewillvolunteer,＿＿＿?A.doIB.don’tIC.willtheyD.won’tthey2.＿＿＿h(yuǎn)elpifyoucan,andourcountrywillimprovemorequicklyandbetter.A.GivingB.GiveC.GivenD.Togive3.——Lucy,youwashthedishes,＿＿＿?——Mom,can’tLilydoit?It’sherturntodoit.A.don’tyouB.canyouC.shallyouD.willyou4.——Iwillnottakeanumbrellawithmetoday.—＿＿＿＿＿itrainslateronintheday?A.HowB.WhatC.HowaboutD.Whatif5.——Yououghttostayuplatetonight,＿＿＿＿you?——Yes.I’vegottoomuchhomework.A.can’tB.shouldn’tC.mustn’tD.won’t,6.Nothingcanstopusfromservingthepeopleheartandsoul,＿＿＿＿?A.canitB.can’titC.cantheyD.can’tthey7.Thereusedtobeachurchinthesmalltown,＿＿＿＿＿?A.usedthereB.usedn’tthereC.useditD.usedn’tit8.——Sheisn’tyourneighbour,isshe?——＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.A.Yes,sheisn’tB.No,sheisC.Yes,sheis D.No,isn’tshe9.——＿＿＿＿＿＿tobeaPLAsoldierwhenIwasyoung.——Andnowyouare.A.HowIwantedB.HowdidIwantC.WhatIwantedD.WhatdidIwant10.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,＿＿＿＿wasveryreasonable.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itspriceD.thepriceofthat11.Aftertenyears,shechangedalotandlookeddifferentfrom＿＿＿sheusedtobe.,A.thatB.whomC.whatD.who12.＿＿＿＿isknowntoeveryone,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What13.He’sgothimselfintoadangeroussituation＿＿＿h(yuǎn)eislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.A.whereB.whichC.whileD.why14.Informationhasbeenputforward＿＿＿moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as15.Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtis＿＿＿＿mymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon.A.whenB.howC.whetherD.what16.Thestudentsofthemusicschoolstudy＿＿＿＿.A.musicbutalsosomeothersubjectsB.someothersubjectsaswellasmusicC.musicaswellassomeothersubjectsD.someothersubjectsandmusic17.＿＿＿airistoman,soiswatertofish.A.SinceB.JustC.LikeD.As18.Thereisplentyofraininthesouth＿＿thereislittleinthenorth.,A.whileB.asC.whenD.so19.＿＿＿severaltimesaboutit,buthecouldnotgivethecorrectanswer.A.BeingaskedB.HavingbeenaskedC.HewouldaskD.Hehadbeenasked20.——Idon’tlikechicken＿＿＿fish.——Idon’tlikechicken,＿＿＿Ilikefishverymuch.A.and；andB.and；butC.or；butD.or；and21.＿＿＿thedayswenton,thesituationtheregotworse.A.WithB.SinceC.WhileD.As22.＿＿＿everybodyishere,let’ssetoutrightaway.A.NowthatB.BecauseC.ForD.After23.Thescienceofmedicine,＿＿＿progresshasbeenveryrapidlately,isperhapsthemostimportantofallthesciences.A.towhichB.inwhichC.whichD.withwhich24.Wemustdotheexperimentcarefully＿＿＿M(jìn)issLiutoldus.A.whatB.sinceC.asD.while25.Tonywillneverforgetthesedays＿＿＿shelivedinChinawithhermother,＿＿＿h(yuǎn)asagreateffecton,herlife.A.that；whichB.when；whichC.which；thatD.when；that26.＿＿＿Iknow,theywillgotoBeijingtowatchtheOlympicGamesin2008.A.SinceB.SofarasC.IncaseD.Asif27.Whodoyouthinkthedoctorwillhave＿＿＿first,JohnorKate?A.examineB.toexamineC.examiningD.examined28.——Whatareyouanxiousabout?——＿＿＿＿＿.A.WhetherwecansucceedB.IfwesucceedC.DowesucceedD.Thatwecansucceed29.Youshouldputthedictionary＿＿＿youcanfinditeasily.A.whereB.theplaceC.theplaceonwhichD.what30.Shesaidtome,“I’lltellyoutheresultofthetest＿＿＿Iknowit.”A.becauseB.themomentC.afterD.though31.Grandpausedtotellussomethingaboutthe,“CulturalRevolution”＿＿＿h(yuǎn)ehadtimetospare.A.assoonasB.asC.sothatD.whenever32.LiFangisverybusy,＿＿＿she’salwayshelpingotherswiththeirlessons.A.butB.althoughC.soD.for33.Gettingarightjobcanbedifficult＿＿＿thestudents＿＿＿preparedtodealwiththejobinterview.A.if；won’tB.unless；willC.unless；areD.if；are34.Everythingdependson＿＿theywillsupportyouaboutit.A.ifB.whichC.whetherD.that35.Shewonthefirstprizeinthespeechcontestand＿＿＿surprizedus.A.whichB.itC.asD.who36.TheOscarisoneofthefilmprizes＿＿offeredtoanyChineseactororactresssofar.A.whichisnotB.thathavenotbeenC.thathasnotD.thathasnotbeen37.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,＿＿＿ofgreatimportancetoscience.,A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitisC.whichIthinkitD.Ithinkis38.It’sreallyverydangerous.Onemorestep,＿＿＿thebabywillfallintothewell.A.orB.soC.butD.and39.SheisAmerican,＿＿＿sheknowslittleaboutAmericanhistory.A.soB.yetC.andD.therefore40.Informationtechnologyistaughtinmostschools,＿＿＿wehaveenteredtheinformationsociety.A.soB.whileC.stillD.for41.——Helenmustobeyherparents.——Oh,shemust,＿＿?A.mustsheB.mustn’tsheC.shouldn’tsheD.shouldshe42.Johnmustbeinthechemistrylab,＿＿＿?A.mustn’theB.needn’theC.isn’theD.shouldn’the43.Itwasquitealongtime＿＿＿Imadeitoutwhathadhappened.A.afterB.beforeC.whenD.since44.＿＿thetextasecondtime,themeaningwill,becomeclearertoyou.A.ReadB.ReadingC.IfreadingD.Whenyouread45.＿＿＿doeshedohisworkwell,＿＿＿h(yuǎn)ehelpsotherswiththeirwork.A.Notonly；butalsoB.Neither；norC.Either；orD.Both；and46.＿＿,sohedidn’tcometoschoollastweek.A.ThoughhewasillB.BeingillC.HavingbeenillD.Hewasill47.Shetriedeveryway＿＿＿shecouldfindtosolvetheproblem.A.howB.inwhichC.thatD.which48.Lilyhassomeidea＿＿＿she’sgoingtobewhenshegrowsup.A.whatB.thatC.asD.which49.Toplayfairisasimportantas＿＿＿＿,Ithink.A.toplaywell B.playwellC.weplaywellD.playingwell50.＿＿＿yougo,youshouldbearthemotherlandinmind.A.WhereB.Whenever,C.HoweverD.Wherever四.答案1-10CBDDBABCAB11-20CBABCBDADC21-30DABCBBDAAB31-40DACCBBADBD41-50ACBDADCAAD第23章祈使句一.概念祈使句用以表達(dá)命令，要求，請求，勸告等。二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.祈使句有兩種類型，一種是以動詞原形開頭，在動詞原形之前加do（但只限于省略第二人稱主語的句子）。例如：Takethisseat.坐這兒。Dobecareful.務(wù)必小心。否定結(jié)構(gòu)：例如：Don'tmove.不準(zhǔn)動。Don'tbelate.不要遲到。2.以let開頭的祈使句Let的反意疑問句：a.Let's包括說話者。例如：　Let'shaveanothertry,shallwe/shan'twe?=Shallwehaveanothertry?我們再試一次，如何？b.Letus不包括說話者。例如：,Letushaveanothertry，willyou/won'tyou?=Willyoupleaseletushaveanothertry?你讓我們再試一次，好嗎？否定結(jié)構(gòu)：例如：Let'snottalkofthatmatter.不要談這件事。Letusnottalkofthatmatter.你不要讓我們談這件事。第24章感嘆句一.概念感嘆句通常有what,how引導(dǎo)，表示贊美、驚嘆、喜悅、等感情二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.How+形容詞+a+名詞+陳述語序。例如：Howcleveraboyheis!他是多聰明的孩子！2.How+形容詞或副詞+陳述語序。例如：Howlovelythebabyis!小毛頭真可愛！3.What+名詞+陳述語序。例如：Whatnoisetheyaremaking!他們真吵！4.What+a+形容詞+名詞+陳述語序。例如：Whatacleverboyheis!他是多聰明的孩子！5.What+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+陳述語序。例如：Whatwonderful,ideas（wehave）!我們的主意真棒！6.What+形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞+陳述語序。例如：Whatcoldweatheritis!多冷的天！7.Whatacleverboyheis!的省略形式為：Whatacleverboy!第25章否定句一.概念否定句指否定陳述句的句子.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講用not構(gòu)成的否定句：主語+助動詞/be+not+…例句：Heisnotbackyet.Itisnottrue.Wehaven’tforgottenyou.Youshouldn’tbesosilly.Wehaven’tbeeninvitedyet.Hewon’tgo,buttheywill.Moneycouldnotbuyhappiness.Ilikethesalad,butIdon’tlikethissoup.Hewantsagirlfriend,buthedoesn’twanttogetmarried.,Youdidn’tunderstandwhatIsaid,didyou?Youneedn’ttrytoexplain.Ididn’tusetolikeopera,butnowI’mgettinginterested.Iusedn’ttolikeopera,butnowI’mgettinginterested.祈使句的否定句：Don’t+動詞原形…。例句：Don’tworry.I’lllookafteryou.Don’tbelieveawordhesays.Don’tbesorude.3.非謂語動詞（不定式，分詞，動名詞）的否定式：把not放在todo;doing;的前面。It’simportantnottoworry.Hesaidhedeeplyregrettednotbeingabletohelp.Notknowingwhattodo,Shellyaskedadviceofherfriend.Hereproachedmefornothavingtoldittohim.4.not與除謂語以外的其他句子成分連用：Comeearly,butnotbeforesix.It’sworking,butnotproperly.Ibelievehewillsucceed,thoughnotwithoutsome,difficulty.not用在Ihope;Ibelieve;I’mafraid;Iguess;Isuppose;Iexpect之后，構(gòu)成省略句。—Willitsnowtoday?—Ihopenot.5.用no構(gòu)成否定句：no+名詞（單，復(fù)數(shù)，不可數(shù)）相當(dāng)于not+a+名詞/not+any+名詞Nomachinewouldworkforlongifitwerenotproperlylubricated.ThenationsofEuropeandAmericahavefoundthatnocountrycanproduceallitsneedswithouttrading.Takethattowel,Ihavenoother.Icanwalknofarther.Thereisnoknowingwhatwillhappen.6.某些否定副詞或代詞：seldom;never;hardly;rarely;little;few;none;nowhere;neither等在句中構(gòu)成否定句：Icanseldomfindtimeforreading.Mirrortellsonlythefacts,neverthepoetry.Therumorcamefromnowhere.Nonebutfoolshaveeverbelievedit.7.否定轉(zhuǎn)移：當(dāng)think;believe;suppose;,imagine等動詞引導(dǎo)否定意義的賓語從句時(shí)，把從句中的not提到主句這些動詞前面，是主句變成否定句：Idon’tthinkshe’sathome,butI’llgoandsee.Idon’timaginethathe’llenjoyit.8.否定式疑問句：Doesn’tsheunderstand?Haven’tyoubookedyourholidayyet?部分否定：注意部分否定的結(jié)構(gòu)：Notall…=All…not…Notboth…=Both…not…Notevery…=Every…not…Idon’trememberallthenames.Allisnotgoldthatglitters.Itisnotfoundeverywhere.Noteveryonelikesthisfilm.9.用否定形式表示肯定的意義：注意這些句型：cannot…too../cannot…more:越…就越好；再…不過了。Youcannotbetoocareful.Amancanneverhavetoomanyfriends.,三.鞏固練習(xí)1.—Suchasuddenturnintheroadistoodifficultforthenewdriver,isn’tit? —_____.He’sdealtwithallkindsoftroublesomesituationsbefore.A.No,itisn’tB.Yes,itisC.No,heisn’tD.Yes,heis2.—Aren’tyoufeelingtired?—______,Iamrather.A.YesB.NoC.NotatallD.Never3.—Sheisn’tadancingteacher,isshe? —______.A.Yes,sheisn’tB.No,sheisC.Yes,shewasn’tD.No,butshewas.4.—Willyougoshoppingwithusthisafternoon? —_____butI’vegotquitealotofhomeworktodo.A.ofcourseB.I’dliketoC.That’sallrightD.No,Iwon’t5.—Ifourparentswouldlistenmoretous,theywouldunderstandusbetter. —_____.Theyjustexpectustolisten.A.IbelievenotB.NoproblemC.GoodideaD.,Ican’tagreemore6.—Didyouenjoythetrip? —I’mafraidnot.And_____.A.myclassmatescan’teither.B.myclassmatesdon’ttoo.C.neitherdomyclassmatesD.neitherdidmyclassmates7.Trytoretellthestoryinyourownwords.______afraidtomakemistakes.A.NottobeB.Don’tC.NobeD.Don’tbe四.答案AADBDDD第26章反意疑問句一.概念反意疑問句是附加在陳述句之后,對陳述句所表示的事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)提出疑問的句子.附加疑問實(shí)際上是一種簡略的一般疑問句.二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.反意疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)：陳述句（主語+謂語……），+助動詞/情態(tài)動詞/be動詞+主語（代詞形式）？,說明：陳述句部分如果是肯定句，反意疑問句，疑問句部分的助動詞/情態(tài)動詞/be動詞+not（否定提問）；如果陳述句部分是否定句，反意疑問句，疑問句部分用肯定式提問。例句：Heisyourteacher,isn’the?Peopleshouldn’tdroplitteronthepavements,shouldthey?Youfoundthekeyinthebedroom,didn’tyou?Theyhaveahouseintown,haven’tthey?/don’tthey?Theboyhastocleanhisroom,doesn’the?Iamright,aren’tI?They’drathergobybus,wouldn’tthey?You’dbetterchangeyourwetskirt,hadn’tyou?He’dliketojoinourdiscussion,wouldn’the?Sheoughttoseeadoctoratonce,shouldn’tshe?/oughtn’tshe?Iwishtosayafewwords,mayI?That’snice,isn’tit?Thisistheplace,isn’tit?Everybodyknowstheanswer,don’tthey?Nothingisserious,isn’tit?Therewasn’tenoughtimeatthatmoment,wasthere?,Thereusedtoatowerhere,usedn’tthere?/didn’tthere?Whatyouneedismorepractice,isn’tit?2.某些特殊句型的反意疑問句：1)祈使句的反意疑問句：表示肯定意義的祈使句，即表示“請求，提示”它的反意疑問句用willyou表達(dá)：有時(shí)也可以用won’tyou表示。Gohomenow,willyou?Closethewindow,please,willyou?否定祈使句：以Don’t開始的祈使句：表示“不要……”，用willyou提問：Don’tbelateagain,willyou?Don’tforgettopayyourincometax,willyou?Let’s引導(dǎo)的祈使句表示“建議”，反意疑問句部分是：shallwe?Let’sgoforawalk,shallwe?Let’shavearestnow,shallwe?Letme或Letus引導(dǎo)的祈使句表示“請求”，反意疑問句部分為willyou：Letmehaveatry,willyou?Letushelp,willyou?2)感嘆句的反意疑問句：一律用否定式提問。,Whatacleverboy,isn’the?Whatalovelyday,isn’tit?3)陳述句含有情態(tài)動詞must有兩種情況：must表示“必須”，反意疑問句部分為mustn’t…?/needn’t…?HemuststudyhardatEnglish,mustn’the?/needn’the?Youmustgohomenow,needn’tyou?/mustn’tyou?Wemustn’tbelate,mustwe?Must表示推測：“一定，肯定”反意疑問句部分與must后面的動詞呼應(yīng)Youmustbejoking,aren’tyou?Hemustbeill,isn’the?注意：用must對過去的動作推測時(shí)，反意疑問句部分的助動詞用did或have,而對過去的狀態(tài)推測，反意疑問句部分的be動詞用was:Shemusthavefinishedherwork,hasn’tshe?/didn’tshe?Jackmusthavearrivedhereyesterday,didn’the?Hemusthavebeenapoliceman,wasn’the?4)陳述句中有否定副詞：hardly;never;seldom;little;few;nowhere;nothing等詞，反意疑問句部分用肯定提問：,Frankhardlygoestoparties,doeshe?Hehasfewfriends,hashe?5)復(fù)合句的反意疑問句：大多數(shù)復(fù)合句的反意疑問句都對主句提問：Hewaspunishedbecauseheviolatedtheregulation,wasn’the?Younevertoldmethatyouhadbeenill,didyou?注意：Idon’tthink/suppose/believe/imagine引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，這種賓語從句的反意疑問句應(yīng)與從句的主語，謂語部分一致，而且用肯定式的提問。Idon’tsupposeanyonewillvolunteer,willthey?Idon’tbelieveshehasdoneit,hasshe?Ithinkhewillcome.won’the?三.鞏固練習(xí)1.It’safineday,Let’sgofishing,_____?A.won’tweB.willweC.don’tweD.shallwe2.Frankisworkinglateagain.Thisisthefirsttimethisweekhe’shadtostudylate,____?A.isn’theB.hasn’titC.hasn’theD.isn’tit3.—Daddy’sforgottoposttheletteragain,,____?—I’mafraidhe___.A.has;hasB.isn’t;isC.hasn’t;hasD.has;hasn’t4.—Sorry,I’mnotfeelingwellandIdon’tthinkIcanfinish.—Don’tworry.Letusdoitforyou,____?A.willyouB.shallweC.shan’tweD.shallyou5.Idon’tthinkhecouldhavedonesuchastupidthinglastnight,____?A.doIB.couldheC.didheD.hashe6.—Thegroundiswet.—Itmusthaverainedlastnight,____?A.hasn’titB.didn’titC.mustn’titD.isn’tit7.—Jennydoesn’tthinkthatRobertishonest,___?—I’mafraidnot.A.isheB.isn’theC.doessheD.doesn’tshe,8.—Thenewwindowsneedwashing.—Well,let’swashthemtogether,____?A.shallweB.willyouC.shouldweD.wouldyou9.Thereislittlewecandoaboutit,____?A.isthereB.can’tweC.isn’tthereD.canwe10.—Theproblemwasn’tdifficultforhim,wasit?—______.Heshouldhavebeengivenamoredifficultone.A.No,itwasB.Yes,itwasC.Yes,itwasn’tD.No,itwasn’t四.答案DDCACBCAAD第27章倒裝句一.概念:英語句子通常有兩種語序:一種主語在前,謂語在后,稱為自然語序,另一種謂誤在前,主語在后,稱為倒裝語序二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講按“主語+謂語”,這種順序排列的句子是陳述語序。如果排列順序變?yōu)?ldquo;謂語（或謂語一部分）+主語”，就是倒裝。倒裝句分為：完全倒裝：整個(gè)謂語移至主語前面叫完全倒裝。部分倒裝：只把助動詞、系動詞或情態(tài)動詞放在主語之前叫部分倒裝。1.當(dāng)以there,here,out,in,up,down,away等副詞開頭的句子，為了起到強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用，可構(gòu)成倒裝句，只把副詞放在句首，主語和謂語位置調(diào)換，不加助動詞。Ourteachercamein.Incameourteacher.這種倒裝要求：主語必須是名詞。主語是人稱代詞時(shí)，主語和謂語語序不變。Hereitis.Awayhewent.這類倒裝句式一般只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。Herecomesthebus.Outrushedtheboys.2.how,then,just,often表示時(shí)間的副詞放在句首，可構(gòu)成倒裝句，只把副詞放在句首，主語和謂語位置調(diào)換，不加助動詞。Thencame8yearsoftheAntiJapaneseWar.3.,表地點(diǎn)狀語的介詞短語放在句首，要用倒裝句式，以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。這種倒裝句也是主謂直接調(diào)換位置，不加助動詞did,does或do.Underabigtree________,halfasleep.A.didsatafatmanB.afatmansatC.didafatmansatD.satafatman4.there放在句首時(shí)，要用倒裝句式。在“there+be”結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語動詞有時(shí)不用be,而用表示類似“存在”觀念的其他不及物動詞。如：live,stand,come,lie,flow,enter,rise和appear等。Therecameshoutsforhelpfromtheriver.Thereliesalargewheatfieldinfrontofthehouse.Manyyearsagotherelivedanoldmaninthewoodenhouse.Infrontofthetowerflewsastream.5.so+動詞+主語neither/nor+動詞+主語表示兩人的同樣一個(gè)情況時(shí)，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的動詞、時(shí)態(tài)要一致。否則要用soitiswith…Youcanrideabike.SocanI.HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.,Thefirstoneisn’tgood,neitheristhesecond.Hisuncleisaworkerandhasbeenworkinginthefactoryformorethantenyears.Soitiswithhisaunt.6.so+形容詞/副詞that的結(jié)構(gòu)狀語從句可以用正常語序表示，也可以把so+形容詞/副詞放于句首構(gòu)成倒裝。句型如下：so+形容詞/副詞+be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞that+從句。Lighttravelssofastthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.=Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.Soeasywastheworkthattheyfinisheditinafewdays.7.done做形容詞在句中做表語時(shí)，常把表語放在句首，要用倒裝句式。GoneforeverarethedayswhentheChinesepeoplehadtouseforeignoil.8.否定副詞not,never,seldom,nowhere,little,rarely放于句首時(shí)要用倒裝句式。Weseldomgetupatfourinthemorning.=Seldomdowegetupatfourinthemorning.Notasinglewordfromhimcouldtheenemydrag.,RarelyhaveIheardofsuchasillything.9.hardly…when;scarcely…when…;nosooner…than…可以用正常語序hadhardlydonewhen…did或用倒裝句式Hardlyhad+主語+donewhen…did句式。hardly所在的句子用過去完成時(shí)。Thebellhardlyhadrungwhentheclassbegan.=Hardlyhadthebellrungwhentheclassbegan.NosoonerhadhearrivedinBeijingthanhebegantowork.10.notonly…butalso如連接兩個(gè)成分時(shí)，不用倒裝；連接句子時(shí)，前面的句子要用倒裝。Notonlywaseverythingthathehadtakenawayfromhim,butalsohisGermancitizenship.Notonlyishebusy,butalsoIhavealotofworktodo.NotonlydoeshespeakEnglishverywell,butalsohespeaksFrenchwell.11.only及所修飾的副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句放在句首時(shí)，要用：only+狀語+be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語及其他OnlywhenhetoldmethenewsdidIknowwhathadhappened.,OnlyinthiswaycanyoumakeprogressinyourEnglish.12.虛擬語氣中的倒裝句IfIwereyou,Iwouldtakethejob.=WereIyou,Iwouldtakethejob.三.鞏固練習(xí)1._______andcaughtthemouse.A.UpthecatjumpedB.ThecatupjumpedC.UpjumpedthecatD.Jumpedupthecat2.______andthelessonbegan.A.IncameMrBrownB.MrBrownincameC.IncameheD.cameinMrBrown3.Over_______,dead.A.rollingthegoatB.rolledthegoatC.didthegoatrollD.thegoatrolled4.—Whereismyshirt,mum? —_________.A.ThereisitB.ThereitisC.ThereisD.Hereisit5.—Whereisyourfather?—Oh,________.A.herehecomesB.heherecomesC.heredoeshecomeD.herecomeshe,6.Thedooropenedandthere________.A.entersanoldmanB.enteredanoldmanC.didanoldmanenterD.anoldmanentered7.Now______yourturntorecitethetext.A.willcomeB.comesC.hascomeD.thereis8.Often_____themnottosmokehere.A.weadvisedB.advisedmeC.didweadviseD.hadweadvised9.________playingsoldiers.A.InsidetheroomweretwoboysB.InsidetheroomtwoboysC.WeretwoboysinsidetheroomD.Insidetheroomwastwoboys10.Onthewall_______twolargeportraits.A.arehangingB.hangedC.hangD.hangs11._______whowaswoundedinthestomach.A.AmongthemwereasoldierB.Amongthemwasasoldier,C.AmongthemasoldierwasD.Amongtheywasasoldier12.Nextdoortoours________,whoisnolessthaneighty.A.thatlivesanoldmanB.doesanoldmanliveC.livesanoldmanD.wherelivesanoldman13.Sheplaysthepianoverywell,______.A.soeveryoneofusdoesB.everyoneofusdoesC.sodoeseveryoneofusD.sodoeveryoneofus14.Yousayheworkshard,______,and_____.A.sohedoes;soyoudoB.sohedoes;sodoyouC.sodoeshe;sodoyouD.sodoeshe;soyoudo15.—Ithoughtyouwomenwerepresentatthemeeting. —__________.A.SowewereB.Sowedid,C.SowereweD.Sodidwe16.Idon’tthinkJackwillcometoday,_____.A.norwillMaryB.andMarydoesn’tC.MarywilleitherD.orMarydoes17.Sheisfondofcooking,_____I.A.soamB.noramC.neitherdoD.nordo18.MarxwasborninGermanyandGermanwashisnativelanguage.A.SoitwaswithEnglesB.SowasitwithEnglesC.SowasEnglesD.SodidEngles19.Afishneedswaterandwithoutwateritwilldie._______.A.SodoesamanB.SowillamanC.SoitiswithamanD.Soisitwithaman20.Soabsorbed_______theworkthatsheoftenforgot,to_____hermeals.A.hadshebeenin;doB.shewasin;makeC.wasshein;takeD.shehadbeenin;have21.Soloudly______thateveryoneoftheclasscouldhearhim.A.didhespeakB.didhespokeC.spokeheD.hespoke22.__________hisapperancethatnoonecouldrecognizehim.A.StrangesowasB.SostrangewasC.WassostrangeD.Sowasstrange23.Notonce______theirplan.A.didtheychangeB.theychangedC.changedtheyD.theydidchange,24.Never______suchawonderfulplaceasHangzhou.A.areseeingB.hadIseenC.IhaveseenD.haveIseen25.Seldom______TVduringtheday.A.theywatchB.aretheywatchingC.havetheywatchedD.dotheywatch26.Nowhere______asinmygarden.A.theflowersweresobeautifulB.weretheflowerssobeautifulC.sobeautifulweretheflowersD.sobeautifultheflowerswere27.Hardly________hishomeworkwhenhewentout.A.finishedheB.hehadfinishedC.didhefinishD.hadhefinished28.Scarcely_____finishedtheirhomework______Icameintotheclassroom.A.hadthey;thanB.theyhad;whenC.hadthey;whenD.didthey;when29.Notonly_______apromise,butalsohekeptit.A.hashemadeB.doeshemakeC.hemadeD.didhemake30.Notuntilhiscomradescriticizedhim_______to,admithismistake.A.hadhebegunB.beganheC.didhebeginD.doeshebegin四.答案1—5CABBA6—10BBBDA11—15BCCBA16—20BAACC21—25ABADD26—30BDCDC第28章省略句一.概念英語中,為了避免重復(fù),常常省略句子中的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)成分,這樣的句子叫省略句二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講1.簡單句中的省略：在對話中，交談雙方都知道談?wù)摰膶ο?，則可以省略句子的主語，省略主語和謂語的現(xiàn)象在交際用語中出現(xiàn)的很多。（1）Lookslikerain.（2）Hopetohearfromyousoon.（3）Soundslikeagoodidea.（4）Begyourpardon.（5）Feelingbettertoday?（6）Thisway,please.,（7）—Whatdoeshewanttoeat?—Somericeandvegetables.（8）AnythingIcandoforyou?（9）Sorrytohearthat.（10）Doesn’tmatter.（11）Terribleweather!（12）Pityyoucouldn’tcome.2.并列句中的省略：在并列句中，相同的成分如主語，謂語，賓語等都可以省略：（1）TheylearnFrenchandweEnglish.（2）Myfatherplannedandbuiltallthesehouses.（3）JohnwonthefirstraceandJimmythesecond.（4）Coralisnotaplantbutavarietyofanimallife.3.復(fù)合句中的省略：定語從句：（1）That’sthereasonheislatefortheconference.（2）Idon’tlikethewayhetalks.狀語從句：（1）Ifheated,waterwillboil.（2）Tomwasattackedbycrampwhileswimmingacrosstheriver.,（3）We’llgotohelpyouifnecessary.（4）HadItime,Iwouldcome.（5）I’llgo,shoulditbenecessary.（6）Thecaptaincanfindaboatquickerthanwecan.賓語從句：如果賓語從句中的謂語部分與主句的謂語部分或上文的謂語部分相同，可將從句部分的謂語省略。（1）Wewilldowhatwecan（do）tohelpyou.（2）—IsMr.Kinginhisoffice?—Sorry,Idon’tknow（whetherheisinhisofficeornot）.4.動詞不定式的省略：在動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中，為了避免重復(fù)，常常省略不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞原形，只保留to。（1）—Wouldyouliketogowithus?—I’mgladto,butIhavetofinishmyhomework.（2）Don’ttellmethenameofthesailorifyoudon’twantto.（3）—Haveyoueverbeentotheseaside?—No,wecan’taffordto.在usedto,oughtto,haveto,wouldlike/loveto,wishto,begoingto等結(jié)構(gòu)中，常常省略to后面的動詞原形。（1）Theydonotvisittheirparentsasmuchasthey,oughtto.（2）Hedoesn’tgetupearlyasheusedto.（3）I’llhanditinifIhaveto.（4）—Wouldyouliketocometonight?—I’dloveto.Tell,warn,order,advise,ask等動詞的賓語后面接動詞不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，可以省略to后面的動詞原形。（1）HewantedtoswimacrosstheriverbutIwarnedhimnotto.（2）Theboywantedtoplayfootballinthestreet,buthismothertoldhimnotto.三.鞏固練習(xí)1._____,Iwillhelpyouwithyourwork.A.IfIampossibleB.IfitpossibleC.IfpossibleD.Possible2.—Doyoufollowme?—Yes,_____.A.itisgoodB.IwillC.perfectlyD.verygood3.—Howareyougettingonwithyourwork?—Oh,I’msorry.Thingsaren’tgoingsowellas_____.A.plansB.planningC.plannedD.toplan,4.—Areyouateacher? —No,butI_____.Iworkedinamiddleschoolforthreeyears.A.amB.willC.doD.was5.—Howmanypoorcountieswilltherebeinourprovinceby2010? —Therewillbeonlyafew,if_____.A.muchB.someC.anyD.many6.—Whydidn’tyoucometoMike’sbirthdaypartyyesterday? —Well,I_____,butIforgotit.A.shouldB.mustC.shouldhaveD.musthave7.Doctorshavesaidthatasmanyas50%ofpatientsdon’ttakemedicine_____.A.likedirectedB.tobedirectedC.asdirectedD.sothatdirected四.答案CCCDCCC